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<p>Water treatment residual (WTR) from potable water processing (essentially dam sediment, an inorganic clay with plant matter and microbial residue) and anaerobic digestate (AD) from wastewater treatment represent potential co-amendments for nutrient-poor sandy soils to improve fertility and biophysical properties. However, the ecotoxicity of co-amending these materials has not been evaluated. We investigated whether clay-like WTR could immobilize AD-borne micropollutants and reduce ecotoxicity in sandy soils with low retention capacity, where leachate could impact environmental health by infiltrating groundwater and entering river systems. Soil and sludge extracts were incubated individually and as co-amendments, then subjected to multiple ecotoxicity assays including algae and <i>Daphnia magna</i> acute toxicity tests and endocrine-related assays (yeast estrogen screen and MCF7 cancer cell viability). Algae and <i>Daphnia magna</i> assays showed higher sensitivity to WTR than AD, while endocrine-related assays demonstrated greater sensitivity to AD. Sandy soil with AD alone showed no remediation effect. However, AD-WTR co-incubation mitigated ecotoxicity in most assays, supporting the hypothesis. The polyacrylamide flocculant in WTR showed no ecotoxicity, though some assays were unexpectedly sensitive to sandy soil and composted waste extracts. AD likely remediated WTR ecotoxicity through enhanced microbial metabolism, while WTR possibly mitigated AD ecotoxicity via pollutant sorption. The mitigation of ecotoxicity upon waste co-amendment supports this waste application in agriculture. Ecotoxicity assays should serve as monitoring tools for baseline soil conditions over time rather than stand-alone indicators of risk when soils are amended with wastes.</p>

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Ecotoxicological Outcomes of Co-Amending Water and Wastewater Sludges in Sandy Soil Systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月10日

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  • Wendy Stone,
  • Danelle Botha,
  • Manisha du Plessis,
  • Carla Eksteen,
  • Anna-Mart Engelbrecht,
  • Karen L. Johnson,
  • Catherine E. Clarke

摘要

Water treatment residual (WTR) from potable water processing (essentially dam sediment, an inorganic clay with plant matter and microbial residue) and anaerobic digestate (AD) from wastewater treatment represent potential co-amendments for nutrient-poor sandy soils to improve fertility and biophysical properties. However, the ecotoxicity of co-amending these materials has not been evaluated. We investigated whether clay-like WTR could immobilize AD-borne micropollutants and reduce ecotoxicity in sandy soils with low retention capacity, where leachate could impact environmental health by infiltrating groundwater and entering river systems. Soil and sludge extracts were incubated individually and as co-amendments, then subjected to multiple ecotoxicity assays including algae and Daphnia magna acute toxicity tests and endocrine-related assays (yeast estrogen screen and MCF7 cancer cell viability). Algae and Daphnia magna assays showed higher sensitivity to WTR than AD, while endocrine-related assays demonstrated greater sensitivity to AD. Sandy soil with AD alone showed no remediation effect. However, AD-WTR co-incubation mitigated ecotoxicity in most assays, supporting the hypothesis. The polyacrylamide flocculant in WTR showed no ecotoxicity, though some assays were unexpectedly sensitive to sandy soil and composted waste extracts. AD likely remediated WTR ecotoxicity through enhanced microbial metabolism, while WTR possibly mitigated AD ecotoxicity via pollutant sorption. The mitigation of ecotoxicity upon waste co-amendment supports this waste application in agriculture. Ecotoxicity assays should serve as monitoring tools for baseline soil conditions over time rather than stand-alone indicators of risk when soils are amended with wastes.