Butter-Infused Slippery Microholes Coupled with Photothermal Carbon for Efficient Anti-Icing and Deicing
摘要
Ice accumulation on surfaces remains a challenge across various outdoor infrastructures. However, many structure-based anti-icing surfaces still suffer from limited durability and poor de-icing efficiency after complete ice formation. Here, we present a scalable anti-icing surface based on a Carbon–PDMS composite layer incorporating 100 μm microhole patterns infused with butter as a confined phase-change lubricant. In this design, carbon serves as a photothermal layer enabling rapid solar-to-thermal conversion under 1 sun irradiation, while the microhole structures provide superhydrophobicity and confined lubricant reservoirs. Butter acts as a phase-change lubricant that destabilizes ice nucleation and forms a slippery interfacial layer upon melting, reducing ice–substrate interactions. As a result, the surface exhibited delayed ice formation and accelerated de-icing under both no-light and light conditions. Under no-light conditions, the freezing delay reached 209 s, while the de-icing time decreased to 196 s. Under 1 sun irradiation, photothermal activation further extended the freezing delay to 437 s and reduced the de-icing time to 132 s. In addition, the butter-infused surface exhibited a low ice adhesion strength of 1.7 kPa, indicating effective mitigation of interfacial anchoring. The enhanced performance is attributed to the combined effects of air entrapment, suppressed heterogeneous nucleation, photothermal heating, and phase-change lubrication. Moreover, the microhole structures retained butter within the patterned regions after repeated melting–solidification cycles, supporting stable operation. Overall, this work provides a practical design strategy for multifunctional anti-icing surfaces integrating structural control, photothermal de-icing, and slippery lubrication.