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Background <p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) impairs the activation of vitamin D, leading to deficiencies that exacerbate disease progression and metabolic complications. This pilot study investigated the effects of consuming almond milk fortified with vitamin D<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles on 25(OH)D<sub>3</sub> among adults with advanced stages of CKD.</p> Methods <p>A 21-day, double-blind randomized controlled pilot study was conducted. Participants (<i>n</i> = 18) were randomly assigned to consume 4&#xa0;oz (118&#xa0;ml) of almond milk daily with 4000&#xa0;IU of vitamin D<sub>3</sub> dispersed in soy protein nanoparticles (intervention group), or almond milk without vitamin D (control group). The primary outcome was the change in serum 25(OH)D<sub>3</sub> levels, while secondary outcomes included changes in serum calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH).</p> Results <p>From baseline to end of intervention, there was a significant decrease in serum 25(OH)D3 in the control group (49.2 ± 23.3&#xa0;nmol/L to 44.5 ± 25.6&#xa0;nmol/L; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). In the intervention group, there was a significant increase in 25(OH)D3 (33.0 ± 15.8&#xa0;nmol/L to 36.4 ± 15.8&#xa0;nmol/L; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). A significant time × treatment interaction (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) was observed, with the intervention group showing a marked increase in serum 25(OH)D<sub>3</sub>. No differences between groups were observed in serum calcium and PTH.</p> Conclusion <p>The consumption of almond milk fortified with vitamin D<sub>3</sub> dispersed in soy protein nanoparticles increased 25(OH)D<sub>3</sub> in adults with advanced stages of CKD over 21-days. Future research should explore the metabolism and long-term efficacy of nanoparticle-based delivery of vitamin D<sub>3</sub> in larger, more diverse populations.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Impact of almond milk fortified with vitamin D3-loaded soy protein nanoparticles on serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations in adults with CKD: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月12日

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  • Li-Ying Kuo,
  • Blanca Nuria Casta֘neda,
  • Yangyi E. Luo,
  • Jiyan Aslan Ceylan,
  • Juan E. Andrade,
  • Jeanette M. Andrade

摘要

Background

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) impairs the activation of vitamin D, leading to deficiencies that exacerbate disease progression and metabolic complications. This pilot study investigated the effects of consuming almond milk fortified with vitamin D3 nanoparticles on 25(OH)D3 among adults with advanced stages of CKD.

Methods

A 21-day, double-blind randomized controlled pilot study was conducted. Participants (n = 18) were randomly assigned to consume 4 oz (118 ml) of almond milk daily with 4000 IU of vitamin D3 dispersed in soy protein nanoparticles (intervention group), or almond milk without vitamin D (control group). The primary outcome was the change in serum 25(OH)D3 levels, while secondary outcomes included changes in serum calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Results

From baseline to end of intervention, there was a significant decrease in serum 25(OH)D3 in the control group (49.2 ± 23.3 nmol/L to 44.5 ± 25.6 nmol/L; p < 0.05). In the intervention group, there was a significant increase in 25(OH)D3 (33.0 ± 15.8 nmol/L to 36.4 ± 15.8 nmol/L; p < 0.05). A significant time × treatment interaction (p < 0.01) was observed, with the intervention group showing a marked increase in serum 25(OH)D3. No differences between groups were observed in serum calcium and PTH.

Conclusion

The consumption of almond milk fortified with vitamin D3 dispersed in soy protein nanoparticles increased 25(OH)D3 in adults with advanced stages of CKD over 21-days. Future research should explore the metabolism and long-term efficacy of nanoparticle-based delivery of vitamin D3 in larger, more diverse populations.

Graphical abstract