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<p>In recent years, the key role of the gut microbiota (GM) in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of thyroid cancer (TC) has become increasingly clear. This review examines the complex interactions between gut dysbiosis and the occurrence and development of TC; focuses on changes in specific microbiotas that are directly related to tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, and drug resistance; and evaluates the potential of these microbiotas as novel biomarkers for treating TC. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms, this review systematically evaluates the pathways through which the GM regulates the host immune response through metabolites (such as short-chain fatty acids and lipopolysaccharides) and reveals the core role of chronic inflammation in the formation of the microenvironment and the immune escape of TC. Furthermore, by exploring the effects of the microbiota on the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis and the peripheral thyroid hormone conversion, this review elucidates the profound role of the GM in the regulation of thyroid homeostasis. Based on this evidence, this review highlights the clinical applications of intervention strategies targeting the microbiota, including probiotics, dietary adjustments, and fecal microbiota transplantation, as adjuvant approaches for TC management.</p>

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The role of gut microbiota in thyroid cancer: from pathogenesis to diagnosis and treatment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月8日

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  • Lei-Jun He,
  • Si-Cheng Zhang,
  • Yong-Cong Cai

摘要

In recent years, the key role of the gut microbiota (GM) in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of thyroid cancer (TC) has become increasingly clear. This review examines the complex interactions between gut dysbiosis and the occurrence and development of TC; focuses on changes in specific microbiotas that are directly related to tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, and drug resistance; and evaluates the potential of these microbiotas as novel biomarkers for treating TC. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms, this review systematically evaluates the pathways through which the GM regulates the host immune response through metabolites (such as short-chain fatty acids and lipopolysaccharides) and reveals the core role of chronic inflammation in the formation of the microenvironment and the immune escape of TC. Furthermore, by exploring the effects of the microbiota on the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis and the peripheral thyroid hormone conversion, this review elucidates the profound role of the GM in the regulation of thyroid homeostasis. Based on this evidence, this review highlights the clinical applications of intervention strategies targeting the microbiota, including probiotics, dietary adjustments, and fecal microbiota transplantation, as adjuvant approaches for TC management.