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Introduction <p>Previous research has shown narrowing racial disparities in self-reported health. However, these disparities may have worsened in recent years, particularly during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Less is known regarding the current state of disparities in self-reported health.</p> Methods <p>Participants are from the 2023 and 2024 U.S. National Health Interview Survey. Using survey-weighted, age- and sex-adjusted modified Poisson regression models, we examined associations of race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status with fair or poor self-reported health, both overall and stratified by levels of education, income, and health insurance status.</p> Results <p>Among 251,930,438 adults aged ≥ 18 years (unweighted <i>N</i> = 60,449), 14.9% (95% CI: 14.5, 15.3) reported fair or poor health. Compared to those with a bachelor’s degree or higher, those who had not completed high school had a higher prevalence of fair or poor health (prevalence ratio [PR] = 3.79, 95% CI: 3.52, 4.08). Additionally, compared to people with household income ≥ 4 times the federal poverty line, those with household incomes below the federal poverty line had a higher prevalence of fair or poor health (PR = 3.94, 95% CI: 3.70, 4.19). Non-Hispanic Black (PR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.46, 1.67) and Hispanic (PR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.39, 1.59) adults were more likely than non-Hispanic White adults to report fair or poor health.</p> Conclusion <p>In this U.S. nationally representative study, fair or poor self-reported health was more prevalent among adults with lower socioeconomic status and among non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic adults. These findings underscore the need for policy interventions that simultaneously address socioeconomic inequality and structural racism to improve population health outcomes.</p>

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Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Disparities in Self-reported Health Among U.S. Adults, 2023–2024

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月29日

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  • Benjamin Grobman,
  • Lois Owolabi,
  • Michael Liu-Hass,
  • Mingyu Zhang

摘要

Introduction

Previous research has shown narrowing racial disparities in self-reported health. However, these disparities may have worsened in recent years, particularly during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Less is known regarding the current state of disparities in self-reported health.

Methods

Participants are from the 2023 and 2024 U.S. National Health Interview Survey. Using survey-weighted, age- and sex-adjusted modified Poisson regression models, we examined associations of race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status with fair or poor self-reported health, both overall and stratified by levels of education, income, and health insurance status.

Results

Among 251,930,438 adults aged ≥ 18 years (unweighted N = 60,449), 14.9% (95% CI: 14.5, 15.3) reported fair or poor health. Compared to those with a bachelor’s degree or higher, those who had not completed high school had a higher prevalence of fair or poor health (prevalence ratio [PR] = 3.79, 95% CI: 3.52, 4.08). Additionally, compared to people with household income ≥ 4 times the federal poverty line, those with household incomes below the federal poverty line had a higher prevalence of fair or poor health (PR = 3.94, 95% CI: 3.70, 4.19). Non-Hispanic Black (PR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.46, 1.67) and Hispanic (PR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.39, 1.59) adults were more likely than non-Hispanic White adults to report fair or poor health.

Conclusion

In this U.S. nationally representative study, fair or poor self-reported health was more prevalent among adults with lower socioeconomic status and among non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic adults. These findings underscore the need for policy interventions that simultaneously address socioeconomic inequality and structural racism to improve population health outcomes.