<p>In this paper, we study a three-dimensional jerk system <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \dddot{x} + a\,x + \dot{x} + b\,\ddot{x} + x\,\dot{x} - d\,\ddot{x}^{\,2} = 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>⃛</mo> </mover> <mo>+</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mover accent="true"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> <mo>+</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mover accent="true"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>¨</mo> </mover> <mo>+</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mover accent="true"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> <mo>-</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <msup> <mover accent="true"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>¨</mo> </mover> <mrow> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, with <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a,b,d \ge 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, introduced by Li et al. [<CitationRef CitationID="CR1">1</CitationRef>] in the context of hidden chaotic dynamics. While previous studies focused on a Hopf bifurcation at <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a=b\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(d=1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, we show that this system undergoes a zero-Hopf bifurcation at the origin when <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a=b=0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where the linearization has a simple zero eigenvalue and a pair of purely imaginary eigenvalues. By applying second-order averaging, we prove the existence and orbital stability of a small-amplitude periodic orbit that bifurcates from the zero-Hopf equilibrium under small parameter perturbations. In contrast to the general classification of zero-Hopf bifurcations in quadratic polynomial jerk systems by Llibre and Makhlouf [<CitationRef CitationID="CR2">2</CitationRef>], the system considered here is structurally minimal, containing a single nonlinear term and lying outside their framework. Our results therefore provide a complementary contribution by identifying the simplest quadratic–cubic jerk system in which zero-Hopf dynamics arise.</p>

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Zero-Hopf dynamics in a quadratic–cubic jerk system: a complement to quadratic classification

  • Martha Álvarez-Ramírez,
  • Johanna D. García-Saldaña,
  • Mario Medina

摘要

In this paper, we study a three-dimensional jerk system \( \dddot{x} + a\,x + \dot{x} + b\,\ddot{x} + x\,\dot{x} - d\,\ddot{x}^{\,2} = 0\) x + a x + x ˙ + b x ¨ + x x ˙ - d x ¨ 2 = 0 , with \(a,b,d \ge 0\) a , b , d 0 , introduced by Li et al. [1] in the context of hidden chaotic dynamics. While previous studies focused on a Hopf bifurcation at \(a=b\) a = b and \(d=1\) d = 1 , we show that this system undergoes a zero-Hopf bifurcation at the origin when \(a=b=0\) a = b = 0 , where the linearization has a simple zero eigenvalue and a pair of purely imaginary eigenvalues. By applying second-order averaging, we prove the existence and orbital stability of a small-amplitude periodic orbit that bifurcates from the zero-Hopf equilibrium under small parameter perturbations. In contrast to the general classification of zero-Hopf bifurcations in quadratic polynomial jerk systems by Llibre and Makhlouf [2], the system considered here is structurally minimal, containing a single nonlinear term and lying outside their framework. Our results therefore provide a complementary contribution by identifying the simplest quadratic–cubic jerk system in which zero-Hopf dynamics arise.