<p>We study positive solutions to the steady-state reaction diffusion systems of the form: <Equation ID="Equ20"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} -\Delta u = \lambda f(v)+\mu h(u), &amp; \Omega ,\\ -\Delta v = \lambda g(u)+\mu q(v),&amp; \Omega ,\\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial \eta }+\root \of {\lambda +\mu }\, u=0,&amp; \partial \Omega ,\\ \frac{\partial v}{\partial \eta }+\root \of {\lambda +\mu }\, v=0, &amp; \partial \Omega ,\\ \end{array}\right. \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mfenced open="{"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>h</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mrow /> <mo>-</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>v</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mrow /> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>∂</mi> <mi>u</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>∂</mi> <mi>η</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo>+</mo> <mroot> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> <mrow /> </mroot> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mi>u</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mi>∂</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mrow /> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>∂</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>∂</mi> <mi>η</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo>+</mo> <mroot> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> <mrow /> </mroot> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mi>v</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mi>∂</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mfenced> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>where <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\lambda ,\mu }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are positive parameters, <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\Omega }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a bounded domain in <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\mathbb {R}}^{N}(N&gt;1)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>N</mi> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with smooth boundary <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\partial \Omega }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>∂</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> or <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\Omega =(0,1)}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({ \frac{\partial z}{\partial \eta } }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>∂</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>∂</mi> <mi>η</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is the outward normal derivative of <i>z</i>. Here, we assume that <i>f</i>,&#xa0;<i>g</i>,&#xa0;<i>h</i>,&#xa0; and <i>q</i> are increasing continuous functions such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f(0) = g(0) = h(0) = {q}(0) = 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f^\prime (0), g^\prime (0), h^\prime (0), q^\prime (0) &gt; 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi>f</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <msup> <mi>g</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <msup> <mi>h</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <msup> <mi>q</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We further assume that <i>f</i> and <i>g</i> are combined sublinear at infinity (i.e., <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\lim \limits _{s\rightarrow \infty }\frac{f(M g(s))}{s}=0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <munder> <mo movablelimits="false">lim</mo> <mrow> <mi>s</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>∞</mi> </mrow> </munder> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>M</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>s</mi> </mfrac> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for all <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(M&gt;0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>M</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>). Under certain additional assumptions on <i>f</i>,&#xa0;<i>g</i>,&#xa0;<i>h</i>, and <i>q</i>,&#xa0; we establish the existence and multiplicity results for the above system. Our existence and multiplicity results are proved using sub-super solution methods.</p>

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On the existence and multiplicity of positive solutions to classes of steady-state reaction diffusion systems with multiple parameters

  • A. Shabanpour,
  • S. H. Rasouli,
  • N. Fonseka

摘要

We study positive solutions to the steady-state reaction diffusion systems of the form: \(\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} -\Delta u = \lambda f(v)+\mu h(u), & \Omega ,\\ -\Delta v = \lambda g(u)+\mu q(v),& \Omega ,\\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial \eta }+\root \of {\lambda +\mu }\, u=0,& \partial \Omega ,\\ \frac{\partial v}{\partial \eta }+\root \of {\lambda +\mu }\, v=0, & \partial \Omega ,\\ \end{array}\right. \end{aligned}\) - Δ u = λ f ( v ) + μ h ( u ) , Ω , - Δ v = λ g ( u ) + μ q ( v ) , Ω , u η + λ + μ u = 0 , Ω , v η + λ + μ v = 0 , Ω , where \({\lambda ,\mu }\) λ , μ are positive parameters, \({\Omega }\) Ω is a bounded domain in \({\mathbb {R}}^{N}(N>1)\) R N ( N > 1 ) with smooth boundary \({\partial \Omega }\) Ω or \({\Omega =(0,1)}\) Ω = ( 0 , 1 ) , \({ \frac{\partial z}{\partial \eta } }\) z η is the outward normal derivative of z. Here, we assume that fgh,  and q are increasing continuous functions such that \(f(0) = g(0) = h(0) = {q}(0) = 0\) f ( 0 ) = g ( 0 ) = h ( 0 ) = q ( 0 ) = 0 and \(f^\prime (0), g^\prime (0), h^\prime (0), q^\prime (0) > 0\) f ( 0 ) , g ( 0 ) , h ( 0 ) , q ( 0 ) > 0 . We further assume that f and g are combined sublinear at infinity (i.e., \(\lim \limits _{s\rightarrow \infty }\frac{f(M g(s))}{s}=0\) lim s f ( M g ( s ) ) s = 0 for all \(M>0\) M > 0 ). Under certain additional assumptions on fgh, and q,  we establish the existence and multiplicity results for the above system. Our existence and multiplicity results are proved using sub-super solution methods.