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Purpose of the Review <p>This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the mucosal immune system and assess the potential of mucosal vaccines, particularly for COVID-19, as a promising approach in combating respiratory pathogens like SARS-CoV-2.</p> Recent Findings <p>Mucosal immunization has emerged as a viable strategy for COVID-19 vaccination. Various mucosal vaccines, including oral and intranasal formulations, are currently undergoing clinical evaluation in multiple countries. This review examines these vaccine strategies, their status, and highlights recent advancements in the field.</p> Summary <p> This review focuses on mucosal vaccination as a strategic defense against respiratory pathogens by leveraging innate immunity, mucosal antibodies, and memory lymphocytes. While the approach offers significant potential, it faces substantial challenges that limit the effectiveness of current COVID-19 mucosal vaccines. The article outlines these obstacles and proposes targeted strategies to overcome them, contributing to improved pandemic control measures.</p>

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COVID-19 and Mucosal Immunization: Assessing Current Efforts, Challenges, and Future Opportunities for Vaccine Development

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月19日

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  • Syed Muhammad Afzal,
  • Zakaria Ahmed Mohamed,
  • Mainak Sengupta,
  • Rakesh Kumar Panjaliya,
  • Parimal Das,
  • Anjana Munshi,
  • Jinghua Li,
  • Jianping Wen,
  • Fan Li,
  • Santasree Banerjee

摘要

Purpose of the Review

This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the mucosal immune system and assess the potential of mucosal vaccines, particularly for COVID-19, as a promising approach in combating respiratory pathogens like SARS-CoV-2.

Recent Findings

Mucosal immunization has emerged as a viable strategy for COVID-19 vaccination. Various mucosal vaccines, including oral and intranasal formulations, are currently undergoing clinical evaluation in multiple countries. This review examines these vaccine strategies, their status, and highlights recent advancements in the field.

Summary

This review focuses on mucosal vaccination as a strategic defense against respiratory pathogens by leveraging innate immunity, mucosal antibodies, and memory lymphocytes. While the approach offers significant potential, it faces substantial challenges that limit the effectiveness of current COVID-19 mucosal vaccines. The article outlines these obstacles and proposes targeted strategies to overcome them, contributing to improved pandemic control measures.