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Background <p>Cognitive frailty (CF), defined by the IANA/IAGG criteria as the coexistence of physical frailty and cognitive impairment without dementia, is an emerging geriatric syndrome associated with disability and adverse health outcomes.</p> Aims <p>This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of CF and develop a prediction model among hospitalized older adults in Iran.</p> Methods <p>A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 300 patients aged ≥ 60 years admitted to Shahid-Beheshti Hospital, Kashan, between July and September 2024. Data were collected using structured interviews incorporating the Fried Frailty Phenotype, the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, and a researcher-developed tool assessing demographic, clinical, nutritional, psychosocial, and economic factors. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression (backward method) were applied.</p> Results <p>The mean age of participants was 71.8 ± 8.0 years, and 54.3% were male. The prevalence of CF and potentially CF was 22.7% and 23%, respectively. Protective factors included positive self-rated health (OR = 0.179), non-smoking (OR = 0.150), higher handgrip strength (OR = 0.798), good nutritional status (OR = 0.330), larger mid-upper arm and calf circumferences, and adequate appetite (OR = 0.107). Conversely, higher BMI (OR = 1.315), physical inactivity (OR = 5.966), diabetes (OR = 3.692), comorbidities (OR = 8.77), frequent physician visits (OR = 6.974), stressful life events (OR = 4.764), and poor economic status (OR = 2.724) were associated with increased risk. The model demonstrated strong predictive validity (Nagelkerke R²=0.678; Specificity = 0.921).</p> Conclusions <p>CF is prevalent among hospitalized older adults in Iran and is strongly influenced by modifiable factors. Early detection and multidomain interventions—targeting nutrition, physical activity, chronic disease control, and psychosocial well-being—may prevent CF and improve quality of life in this vulnerable group.</p>

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Prevalence and predictive factors of cognitive impairment among hospitalized older adults in iran: a cross-sectional study, 2024

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月13日

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  • Zahra Hadadian,
  • Mohammad-Sajjad Lotfi,
  • Zahra Rezaei-Shahsavarloo

摘要

Background

Cognitive frailty (CF), defined by the IANA/IAGG criteria as the coexistence of physical frailty and cognitive impairment without dementia, is an emerging geriatric syndrome associated with disability and adverse health outcomes.

Aims

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of CF and develop a prediction model among hospitalized older adults in Iran.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 300 patients aged ≥ 60 years admitted to Shahid-Beheshti Hospital, Kashan, between July and September 2024. Data were collected using structured interviews incorporating the Fried Frailty Phenotype, the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, and a researcher-developed tool assessing demographic, clinical, nutritional, psychosocial, and economic factors. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression (backward method) were applied.

Results

The mean age of participants was 71.8 ± 8.0 years, and 54.3% were male. The prevalence of CF and potentially CF was 22.7% and 23%, respectively. Protective factors included positive self-rated health (OR = 0.179), non-smoking (OR = 0.150), higher handgrip strength (OR = 0.798), good nutritional status (OR = 0.330), larger mid-upper arm and calf circumferences, and adequate appetite (OR = 0.107). Conversely, higher BMI (OR = 1.315), physical inactivity (OR = 5.966), diabetes (OR = 3.692), comorbidities (OR = 8.77), frequent physician visits (OR = 6.974), stressful life events (OR = 4.764), and poor economic status (OR = 2.724) were associated with increased risk. The model demonstrated strong predictive validity (Nagelkerke R²=0.678; Specificity = 0.921).

Conclusions

CF is prevalent among hospitalized older adults in Iran and is strongly influenced by modifiable factors. Early detection and multidomain interventions—targeting nutrition, physical activity, chronic disease control, and psychosocial well-being—may prevent CF and improve quality of life in this vulnerable group.