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<p>Laser processing has been recognized as a promising means for synthesis, modification, and structuring 2D materials. However, it has been found that the optimization of laser processing parameters for different techniques in laser processing has been mostly empirical due to the significant scatter in reported data for different techniques in terms of laser fluence, pulse duration, and wavelength. In this study, a scaling concept for heterogeneous laser processing conditions in different materials and techniques has been introduced through a dimensionless thermal-optical parameter Λ. Unlike other scaling methods based on laser fluence, in which optical absorption and thermal inertia are ignored, in the proposed scaling method, all three factors are taken into account in one dimensionless value. A set of 29 experimentally determined studies, including laser-induced graphene, pulsed laser deposition, laser ablation in liquids, ultrafast laser exfoliation, and laser-induced forward transfer, has been studied in the Λ scaling space. The large range of experimental parameters results in the formation of three distinct regimes of defect-dominated modification (Λ &lt; 1), controlled restructuring (1 ≤ Λ &lt; 10), and ablation-dominated processing (Λ ≥ 10). The normalized structure modification index, derived from heterogeneous structure metrics, has been found to show strong monotonic dependence on the Λ scaling parameter, as indicated by R² ≈ 0.61 regression performance and Spearman correlation of ρ ≈ 0.85. A new regime map in fluence-pulse duration space has also been found to offer a continuum of design space for the selection of laser parameters in a material-independent manner. Moreover, by combining this classification with a cumulative energy metric normalized by area, the framework can identify energy-efficient processing regimes, such as restructuring regimes around Λ ≈ 1, which are signified as optimal operating conditions. The Λ-based methodology presented offers a paradigm shift in parameter exploration and leads to a physics-informed design strategy for laser processing 2D materials, replacing existing empirical parameter exploration. This framework offers a path to realize energy-efficient and scalable laser manufacturing of next-generation 2D materials.</p>

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A Universal Thermal–Optical Scaling Framework for Regime-Aware Laser Processing of Two-Dimensional Materials

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Zahra AL Timimi,
  • Zeina J.M. Tamimi,
  • Bashir Gide

摘要

Laser processing has been recognized as a promising means for synthesis, modification, and structuring 2D materials. However, it has been found that the optimization of laser processing parameters for different techniques in laser processing has been mostly empirical due to the significant scatter in reported data for different techniques in terms of laser fluence, pulse duration, and wavelength. In this study, a scaling concept for heterogeneous laser processing conditions in different materials and techniques has been introduced through a dimensionless thermal-optical parameter Λ. Unlike other scaling methods based on laser fluence, in which optical absorption and thermal inertia are ignored, in the proposed scaling method, all three factors are taken into account in one dimensionless value. A set of 29 experimentally determined studies, including laser-induced graphene, pulsed laser deposition, laser ablation in liquids, ultrafast laser exfoliation, and laser-induced forward transfer, has been studied in the Λ scaling space. The large range of experimental parameters results in the formation of three distinct regimes of defect-dominated modification (Λ < 1), controlled restructuring (1 ≤ Λ < 10), and ablation-dominated processing (Λ ≥ 10). The normalized structure modification index, derived from heterogeneous structure metrics, has been found to show strong monotonic dependence on the Λ scaling parameter, as indicated by R² ≈ 0.61 regression performance and Spearman correlation of ρ ≈ 0.85. A new regime map in fluence-pulse duration space has also been found to offer a continuum of design space for the selection of laser parameters in a material-independent manner. Moreover, by combining this classification with a cumulative energy metric normalized by area, the framework can identify energy-efficient processing regimes, such as restructuring regimes around Λ ≈ 1, which are signified as optimal operating conditions. The Λ-based methodology presented offers a paradigm shift in parameter exploration and leads to a physics-informed design strategy for laser processing 2D materials, replacing existing empirical parameter exploration. This framework offers a path to realize energy-efficient and scalable laser manufacturing of next-generation 2D materials.