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<p>In this study, effects of laser irradiation on morphological, structural, electrical and mechanical properties of Cadmium (Cd) have been examined. A second harmonic of Nd: YAG laser (532&#xa0;nm, 6 ns) has been employed at several fluences ranging from 76.26&#xa0;J/cm<sup>2</sup> to 381.30 cm<sup>2</sup> to expose Cd under oxygen environment at a constant pressure of 20&#xa0;Torr. Ablation depth and crater width of the laser treated Cd targets were measured using depth profilometry with an optical microscope. The surface morphology of centrally ablated Cd regime observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) indicates the hexagonal shaped networking channels at lower fluences, whereas, ridges and cones are formed at higher fluences. At the peripheral ablated areas, the ring-shaped channels and droplets are formed whose density increases with increasing fluence except at the highest fluence, where they are completely transformed into cavities. The compositional analysis obtained from XRD confirms the development of CdO. Debye scherrer formula, Williamson–Hall analysis, Size strain plot method and Wagner aqua models of X-ray diffraction patterns have been utilized to find out the key structural parameters. Lattice strain and crystallite size exhibited identical patterns for each case. The four-point probe method and Vicker hardness testing technique were conducted to investigate the variations in electrical conductivity and hardness of virgin and laser exposed Cd respectively. Initially, the decrease in electrical conductivity at lower fluence is confirmed and then significant increase up to highest fluence is observed. The hardness of laser-treated Cd in O<sub>2</sub> increases as compared to unexposed Cd at lower laser fluence. The surface hardness obeyed the inverse Hall-Petch relation in all cases.</p>

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Surface and Structural Analysis of Untreated and Laser-Irradiated Cadmium: Crystallite Size Estimation and Correlation with Electrical Conductivity and Surface Hardness

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月9日

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  • Muqaddas Iqbal,
  • Khaliq Mahmood,
  • Shazia Bashir,
  • Mubashir Javed,
  • Mahreen Akram

摘要

In this study, effects of laser irradiation on morphological, structural, electrical and mechanical properties of Cadmium (Cd) have been examined. A second harmonic of Nd: YAG laser (532 nm, 6 ns) has been employed at several fluences ranging from 76.26 J/cm2 to 381.30 cm2 to expose Cd under oxygen environment at a constant pressure of 20 Torr. Ablation depth and crater width of the laser treated Cd targets were measured using depth profilometry with an optical microscope. The surface morphology of centrally ablated Cd regime observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) indicates the hexagonal shaped networking channels at lower fluences, whereas, ridges and cones are formed at higher fluences. At the peripheral ablated areas, the ring-shaped channels and droplets are formed whose density increases with increasing fluence except at the highest fluence, where they are completely transformed into cavities. The compositional analysis obtained from XRD confirms the development of CdO. Debye scherrer formula, Williamson–Hall analysis, Size strain plot method and Wagner aqua models of X-ray diffraction patterns have been utilized to find out the key structural parameters. Lattice strain and crystallite size exhibited identical patterns for each case. The four-point probe method and Vicker hardness testing technique were conducted to investigate the variations in electrical conductivity and hardness of virgin and laser exposed Cd respectively. Initially, the decrease in electrical conductivity at lower fluence is confirmed and then significant increase up to highest fluence is observed. The hardness of laser-treated Cd in O2 increases as compared to unexposed Cd at lower laser fluence. The surface hardness obeyed the inverse Hall-Petch relation in all cases.