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<p>Controlled model tests were performed on circular steel piles (D = 25&#xa0;mm, L/D = 12) embedded in layered sand profiles containing one silty clay interlayer at three depths: near surface, mid-depth, and pile tip. Four clay consistency states were examined: solid, semi-solid, semi-liquid, and liquid. Load–settlement response was measured, and ultimate capacity was defined using a 10% pile-diameter settlement criterion. Weak layer position governed pile response: The ultimate capacity ranged from 357&#xa0;N for the best performing configuration (SC-L1) to 130&#xa0;N for the weakest (LC-L3), showing a reduction of approximately 64% overall. The depth-averaged capacity decreased from 260&#xa0;N at L1 to 223&#xa0;N at L2 and 149&#xa0;N at L3, which confirms the dominant influence of position as the weak layer. Clay consistency caused capacity variation of up to 55% near the surface, but only 23% at the pile tip. Analytical predictions using the α-method agreed with the near-surface case (− 8.3%) but overestimated the mid-depth case (− 25%) and underestimated the pile-tip case (+ 33%). An empirical capacity reduction factor was derived and internally evaluated (R² = 0.981) for preliminary pile design in stratified soils.</p>

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Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Load–Settlement Behavior of Circular Piles in Layered Soils with Weak Clay Interlayers

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月9日

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  • Mohammed Abdulsalam Abdulkarem,
  • Ali A. Kamal,
  • Ayshagul S. Najmuldeen,
  • Abed Tuama Jasim,
  • Nabaz Yassen Ezuldin,
  • Arjan Fakhrulddin Abdullah,
  • AlSeddiq Oday Latof

摘要

Controlled model tests were performed on circular steel piles (D = 25 mm, L/D = 12) embedded in layered sand profiles containing one silty clay interlayer at three depths: near surface, mid-depth, and pile tip. Four clay consistency states were examined: solid, semi-solid, semi-liquid, and liquid. Load–settlement response was measured, and ultimate capacity was defined using a 10% pile-diameter settlement criterion. Weak layer position governed pile response: The ultimate capacity ranged from 357 N for the best performing configuration (SC-L1) to 130 N for the weakest (LC-L3), showing a reduction of approximately 64% overall. The depth-averaged capacity decreased from 260 N at L1 to 223 N at L2 and 149 N at L3, which confirms the dominant influence of position as the weak layer. Clay consistency caused capacity variation of up to 55% near the surface, but only 23% at the pile tip. Analytical predictions using the α-method agreed with the near-surface case (− 8.3%) but overestimated the mid-depth case (− 25%) and underestimated the pile-tip case (+ 33%). An empirical capacity reduction factor was derived and internally evaluated (R² = 0.981) for preliminary pile design in stratified soils.