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<p>Deep metro-station excavations in the Xi’an loess region were investigated using statistical analysis of 42 representative case histories and finite element validation with a small-strain hardening soil model. The results showed that excavation-induced deformations in this region were generally small because of the relatively high stiffness and self-stability of loess strata. Ground settlement developed mainly as a localized trough behind the retaining wall, while lateral wall displacement showed a bulging profile along the excavation depth. The average maximum ground settlement and lateral wall displacement were approximately 0.07%<i>H</i> and 0.065%<i>H</i>, respectively. The analysis showed that increasing the embedment depth or support stiffness beyond an appropriate level produced limited additional benefit for deformation control. Based on the field data and numerical results, region-specific deformation envelopes, practical control thresholds, and a simplified prediction framework were established for deep excavations in Xi’an loess strata. The proposed framework provided a quantitative basis for refined, economical, and regionally adapted design of metro-station excavations in loess regions.</p>

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Deformation Behavior and Control Criteria for Deep Excavations in Loess Regions Based on Statistical and Numerical Analyses

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月23日

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  • Jiacheng Wu,
  • Chong Yu,
  • Pei Huang,
  • Zhigang Zhong,
  • Haibo Li,
  • Yunfei Chen

摘要

Deep metro-station excavations in the Xi’an loess region were investigated using statistical analysis of 42 representative case histories and finite element validation with a small-strain hardening soil model. The results showed that excavation-induced deformations in this region were generally small because of the relatively high stiffness and self-stability of loess strata. Ground settlement developed mainly as a localized trough behind the retaining wall, while lateral wall displacement showed a bulging profile along the excavation depth. The average maximum ground settlement and lateral wall displacement were approximately 0.07%H and 0.065%H, respectively. The analysis showed that increasing the embedment depth or support stiffness beyond an appropriate level produced limited additional benefit for deformation control. Based on the field data and numerical results, region-specific deformation envelopes, practical control thresholds, and a simplified prediction framework were established for deep excavations in Xi’an loess strata. The proposed framework provided a quantitative basis for refined, economical, and regionally adapted design of metro-station excavations in loess regions.