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<p>The paper assesses fly ash-based binders as substitutes for normal stones used as column inclusions in flexible pavement subgrades. The fly ash was stabilised using cement and lime, with GGBS activation. Stabilisation increased the maximum dry density and decreased the optimum moisture content, yielding good compaction. The findings of unconfined compressive strength tests showed that Fly ash -Cement mixes gained strength quickly, whereas Fly ash-Lime-GGBS mixes exhibited better long-term strength, reaching 4–6&#xa0;MPa at 28 days. Fly ash-Lime-GGBS mixes (mass loss &lt; 1%) were also superior, lasting more than 12 wetting-drying cycles. The UU triaxial tests showed that both strength and stiffness increased with curing. SEM and XRD confirmed densification of the matrices and the presence of C-S-H/C-A-S-H gels in the lime-GGBS systems. The prediction results of the finite element method for a full-size pavement (CBR 5%, 50 MSA) with Fly ash -Lime-GGBS columns showed a better response (Service Life Ratio = 2.22). They allowed the same thickness reductions to be applied to the bituminous layer (147&#xa0;mm) and to the combined subbase and base course (270&#xa0;mm).</p>

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Performance Evaluation of Stabilized Fly Ash Columns for Flexible Pavements Using Experimental and FE Approaches

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月11日

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  • Sunila Gadi,
  • Satyajit Patel

摘要

The paper assesses fly ash-based binders as substitutes for normal stones used as column inclusions in flexible pavement subgrades. The fly ash was stabilised using cement and lime, with GGBS activation. Stabilisation increased the maximum dry density and decreased the optimum moisture content, yielding good compaction. The findings of unconfined compressive strength tests showed that Fly ash -Cement mixes gained strength quickly, whereas Fly ash-Lime-GGBS mixes exhibited better long-term strength, reaching 4–6 MPa at 28 days. Fly ash-Lime-GGBS mixes (mass loss < 1%) were also superior, lasting more than 12 wetting-drying cycles. The UU triaxial tests showed that both strength and stiffness increased with curing. SEM and XRD confirmed densification of the matrices and the presence of C-S-H/C-A-S-H gels in the lime-GGBS systems. The prediction results of the finite element method for a full-size pavement (CBR 5%, 50 MSA) with Fly ash -Lime-GGBS columns showed a better response (Service Life Ratio = 2.22). They allowed the same thickness reductions to be applied to the bituminous layer (147 mm) and to the combined subbase and base course (270 mm).