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<p>This study investigated water–sand (WS) leakage-induced ground collapse (WS-GC) in water-rich sand strata. We developed a large-scale experimental apparatus to characterize the evolution of ground collapse and to measure soil stress, pore-water pressure, and ground deformation. Numerical simulations were performed using a particle flow computational fluid dynamics approach. The simulations examined the effects of leakage opening diameter (<i>d</i>) and clay thickness (<i>h</i>) on collapse behavior. The results showed that WS leakage produced measurable ground displacement at all monitoring points. Displacements at monitoring points near the leakage opening increased continuously until ground collapse occurred. Greater <i>h</i> reduced the growth rate of erosion-induced cavities, slowed the development of surface settlement trough, and lowered the ground displacement. Larger <i>d</i> substantially increased the sand loss rate and accelerated the development of surface settlement trough. These findings can inform prevention and mitigation measures for WS-GC.</p>

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Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation of Ground Collapse Induced by Water–Sand Leakage in Subway Tunnel

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月19日

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  • Fan Chen,
  • Yingchao Wang,
  • Jiaqi Guo,
  • Xin Huang

摘要

This study investigated water–sand (WS) leakage-induced ground collapse (WS-GC) in water-rich sand strata. We developed a large-scale experimental apparatus to characterize the evolution of ground collapse and to measure soil stress, pore-water pressure, and ground deformation. Numerical simulations were performed using a particle flow computational fluid dynamics approach. The simulations examined the effects of leakage opening diameter (d) and clay thickness (h) on collapse behavior. The results showed that WS leakage produced measurable ground displacement at all monitoring points. Displacements at monitoring points near the leakage opening increased continuously until ground collapse occurred. Greater h reduced the growth rate of erosion-induced cavities, slowed the development of surface settlement trough, and lowered the ground displacement. Larger d substantially increased the sand loss rate and accelerated the development of surface settlement trough. These findings can inform prevention and mitigation measures for WS-GC.