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<p>Numerical simulations investigated the hydraulic head distribution ahead of a tunnel face within a confined aquifer. An analytical function was derived to characterize this seepage field. This hydraulic head distribution was incorporated into a three-dimensional rotational failure mechanism to develop an upper-bound limit analysis model for assessing tunnel face stability under confined groundwater conditions. The model was validated against numerical results and existing analytical solutions. A parametric study demonstrated that confined aquifers considerably enlarged the failure zone. The critical face pressure increased linearly with higher groundwater levels. The position of impermeable layers relative to the aquifer critically influenced the failure mechanism. With an overlying aquiclude, a sharp transition at the interface locally reduced instability. Conversely, when the impermeable layer underlay the aquifer, the failure region extended in both height and length, significantly increasing collapse risk. Numerical simulations investigated the hydraulic head distribution ahead of a tunnel face within a confined aquifer. An analytical function was derived to characterize this seepage field. This hydraulic head distribution was incorporated into a three-dimensional rotational failure mechanism to develop an upper-bound limit analysis model for assessing tunnel face stability under confined groundwater conditions. The model was validated against numerical results and existing analytical solutions. A parametric study demonstrated that confined aquifers considerably enlarged the failure zone. The critical face pressure increased linearly with higher groundwater levels. The position of impermeable layers relative to the aquifer critically influenced the failure mechanism. With an overlying aquiclude, a sharp transition at the interface locally reduced instability. Conversely, when the impermeable layer underlay the aquifer, the failure region extended in both height and length, significantly increasing collapse risk.</p>

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Stability of the Tunnel Face Under the Seepage Conditions of Confined Water Strata

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月2日

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  • Jie Wu,
  • Aijun Yao,
  • Jialong Zhang,
  • Zeshuai Ma,
  • Shengwang Qin

摘要

Numerical simulations investigated the hydraulic head distribution ahead of a tunnel face within a confined aquifer. An analytical function was derived to characterize this seepage field. This hydraulic head distribution was incorporated into a three-dimensional rotational failure mechanism to develop an upper-bound limit analysis model for assessing tunnel face stability under confined groundwater conditions. The model was validated against numerical results and existing analytical solutions. A parametric study demonstrated that confined aquifers considerably enlarged the failure zone. The critical face pressure increased linearly with higher groundwater levels. The position of impermeable layers relative to the aquifer critically influenced the failure mechanism. With an overlying aquiclude, a sharp transition at the interface locally reduced instability. Conversely, when the impermeable layer underlay the aquifer, the failure region extended in both height and length, significantly increasing collapse risk. Numerical simulations investigated the hydraulic head distribution ahead of a tunnel face within a confined aquifer. An analytical function was derived to characterize this seepage field. This hydraulic head distribution was incorporated into a three-dimensional rotational failure mechanism to develop an upper-bound limit analysis model for assessing tunnel face stability under confined groundwater conditions. The model was validated against numerical results and existing analytical solutions. A parametric study demonstrated that confined aquifers considerably enlarged the failure zone. The critical face pressure increased linearly with higher groundwater levels. The position of impermeable layers relative to the aquifer critically influenced the failure mechanism. With an overlying aquiclude, a sharp transition at the interface locally reduced instability. Conversely, when the impermeable layer underlay the aquifer, the failure region extended in both height and length, significantly increasing collapse risk.