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<p>Transcription factors (TFs), essential regulators in higher plants, target gene expression and are responsible for growth and development. Second largest TF family, basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) family, known to be present in plants, is taking part in different biological activities. bHLH transcription factors, like MS23, MS32, bHLH51 and bHLH122, majorly take part in somatic development of anther lobe. Both roles and the temporal order of these 4 bHLH TFs, as well as their interactions, are largely unknown. Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.), an important cash crop, employs complex mechanisms of development at various stages. We characterized bHLH genes in 7 inbred lines of maize to understand their roles in differentiation of tapetal cells from databases of <i>Zea mays</i> and classify all genes into different subfamilies based on phylogenetic study. By comparing maize’s 67 putative bHLH family proteins (ZmbHLH proteins) with those of Arabidopsis, we were able to further divide them into 19 subfamilies. The evolutionary links between these bHLH proteins were further substantiated by exonic-intronic patterns and conserved protein motifs. 67 loci of ZmbHLH were found as non-randomly distributed among 10 chromosomes. Protein interaction networks and conserved cis-elements present in promoter regions showed that ZmbHLH family proteins are engaged in various plant development activities. Comparative in silico and simulated expression analysis supported that bHLH TF gene family is essential in maize anther development.</p>

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Decoding anther development: in-silico identification and characterization of bHLH transcription factor genes in maize (Zea mays L.)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月22日

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  • Fatima Nazish Khan,
  • Pranjal Yadava,
  • Mohammad Irfan Qureshi,
  • Sapna Langyan,
  • Ganapati Mukri

摘要

Transcription factors (TFs), essential regulators in higher plants, target gene expression and are responsible for growth and development. Second largest TF family, basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) family, known to be present in plants, is taking part in different biological activities. bHLH transcription factors, like MS23, MS32, bHLH51 and bHLH122, majorly take part in somatic development of anther lobe. Both roles and the temporal order of these 4 bHLH TFs, as well as their interactions, are largely unknown. Maize (Zea mays L.), an important cash crop, employs complex mechanisms of development at various stages. We characterized bHLH genes in 7 inbred lines of maize to understand their roles in differentiation of tapetal cells from databases of Zea mays and classify all genes into different subfamilies based on phylogenetic study. By comparing maize’s 67 putative bHLH family proteins (ZmbHLH proteins) with those of Arabidopsis, we were able to further divide them into 19 subfamilies. The evolutionary links between these bHLH proteins were further substantiated by exonic-intronic patterns and conserved protein motifs. 67 loci of ZmbHLH were found as non-randomly distributed among 10 chromosomes. Protein interaction networks and conserved cis-elements present in promoter regions showed that ZmbHLH family proteins are engaged in various plant development activities. Comparative in silico and simulated expression analysis supported that bHLH TF gene family is essential in maize anther development.