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<p>This study investigates how personality traits and emotional intelligence interact to predict social entrepreneurial intention (SEI) and investment risk-taking among business students in Pakistan. Using a cross-sectional sample of 324 senior university students and structural equation modeling, the research tests a hierarchical model integrating the Theory of Planned Behavior with proactive personality, altruism, and emotional intelligence. The results indicate significant effects across main constructs: proactive personality positively influenced perceived behavioral control (β=.31, <i>p</i>&lt;.05) and attitudes (β=.30, <i>p</i>&lt;.05), while emotional intelligence directly predicted investment risk-taking (β=.39, <i>p</i>&lt;.01) and indirectly through social entrepreneurial intention (SEI; β=.27, <i>p</i>&lt;.01). SEI itself demonstrated a strong direct effect on investment risk-taking (β=.14, <i>p</i>&lt;.05). Gender-moderated analyses revealed that the indirect pathway from perceived behavioral control to risk-taking via emotional intelligence was notably stronger among female students (β=.09, <i>p</i>&lt;.01), implying differentiated emotional-cognitive interplay across genders. Notably, emotional intelligence is a stronger predictor of investment risk-taking than previously documented. The findings offer context-specific insights into the formation of SEI in an emerging economy but are limited by their reliance on self-reported measures and a student sample. The study contributes to social entrepreneurship theory by clarifying the interplay of cognitive, dispositional, and emotional factors, with practical implications for targeted entrepreneurship education and support in Pakistani universities.</p>

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Emotional intelligence and personality traits in social entrepreneurial risk-taking: a hierarchical model of intentions among Pakistani University students

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月28日

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  • Farhan Mirza,
  • Naveed Iqbal Chaudhry,
  • Erum Shaikh,
  • Noor Shafique,
  • Ding Hooi Ting

摘要

This study investigates how personality traits and emotional intelligence interact to predict social entrepreneurial intention (SEI) and investment risk-taking among business students in Pakistan. Using a cross-sectional sample of 324 senior university students and structural equation modeling, the research tests a hierarchical model integrating the Theory of Planned Behavior with proactive personality, altruism, and emotional intelligence. The results indicate significant effects across main constructs: proactive personality positively influenced perceived behavioral control (β=.31, p<.05) and attitudes (β=.30, p<.05), while emotional intelligence directly predicted investment risk-taking (β=.39, p<.01) and indirectly through social entrepreneurial intention (SEI; β=.27, p<.01). SEI itself demonstrated a strong direct effect on investment risk-taking (β=.14, p<.05). Gender-moderated analyses revealed that the indirect pathway from perceived behavioral control to risk-taking via emotional intelligence was notably stronger among female students (β=.09, p<.01), implying differentiated emotional-cognitive interplay across genders. Notably, emotional intelligence is a stronger predictor of investment risk-taking than previously documented. The findings offer context-specific insights into the formation of SEI in an emerging economy but are limited by their reliance on self-reported measures and a student sample. The study contributes to social entrepreneurship theory by clarifying the interplay of cognitive, dispositional, and emotional factors, with practical implications for targeted entrepreneurship education and support in Pakistani universities.