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Introduction <p>Caffeine is one of the most widely used psychoactive substances found in beverages like coffee, tea, and energy drinks. Its effects on cardiovascular health are complex, ranging from beneficial effects at moderate levels, such as alertness and antioxidant properties, to harmful cardiovascular outcomes, including hypertension, arrhythmias, and myocardial infarction, associated with excessive or chronic consumption. </p> Methods <p>This review will delve into the complex mechanisms underlying these effects, including the antagonistic action of caffeine on adenosine receptors, dysregulation of intracellular calcium signalling, and impairment of nitric oxide pathways. Emerging evidence also links high caffeine intake to endothelial dysfunction, increased arterial stiffness, and heightened oxidative stress, which together elevate cardiovascular risk. It is notable that the increased popularity of high-caffeine products, especially energy drinks, is raising concern over their impact on vulnerable populations, such as children and adolescents.</p> Conclusion <p>This review highlights the importance of public health interventions in regulating caffeine consumption and raising awareness among consumers about potential cardiovascular risks. Future research directions should focus on exploring genetic polymorphisms in caffeine metabolism, long-term health outcomes, and the development of safer caffeine-based formulations that minimise adverse effects while retaining the benefits.</p>

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Deciphering the Cardiovascular Effects of Early-stage Caffeine Consumption: Molecular Insights and Health Implications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月10日

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  • Rohit Tayal,
  • Sanchit Dhankhar,
  • Akhil Sharma,
  • Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
  • Monika Saini,
  • Pooja Mittal,
  • Samrat Chauhan,
  • Sushma Devi

摘要

Introduction

Caffeine is one of the most widely used psychoactive substances found in beverages like coffee, tea, and energy drinks. Its effects on cardiovascular health are complex, ranging from beneficial effects at moderate levels, such as alertness and antioxidant properties, to harmful cardiovascular outcomes, including hypertension, arrhythmias, and myocardial infarction, associated with excessive or chronic consumption.

Methods

This review will delve into the complex mechanisms underlying these effects, including the antagonistic action of caffeine on adenosine receptors, dysregulation of intracellular calcium signalling, and impairment of nitric oxide pathways. Emerging evidence also links high caffeine intake to endothelial dysfunction, increased arterial stiffness, and heightened oxidative stress, which together elevate cardiovascular risk. It is notable that the increased popularity of high-caffeine products, especially energy drinks, is raising concern over their impact on vulnerable populations, such as children and adolescents.

Conclusion

This review highlights the importance of public health interventions in regulating caffeine consumption and raising awareness among consumers about potential cardiovascular risks. Future research directions should focus on exploring genetic polymorphisms in caffeine metabolism, long-term health outcomes, and the development of safer caffeine-based formulations that minimise adverse effects while retaining the benefits.