Purpose of Review <p>The aim of this review is to provide clarity on the intricate nature of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), a common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age. The worldwide prevalence of PCOS ranges from 4 to 20%, while in India, it varies between 3.7% and 22.5%, depending on the diagnostic criteria and population studied. This review offers a thorough summary of the condition’s etiology, clinical symptoms, diagnostic standards, and available treatment strategies. Understanding the multifaceted origins and diverse manifestations of PCOS is essential for effective management and improved patient outcomes.</p> Recent Findings <p>Recent research has emphasized that PCOS is caused by hormonal imbalances, particularly an excess of androgen production and the formation of small ovarian cysts. The interplay of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors, including hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, obesity, oxidative stress, and inflammation has been highlighted. Diagnostic criteria have been updated to include the NIH, Rotterdam, and Androgen Excess Society (AES) standards. Recent studies have also emphasized the effectiveness of lifestyle changes and medications like anti-androgens, insulin sensitizers, and ovulation induction agents. Medicinal plants such as <i>Glycyrrhiza glabra</i>, <i>Vitex negundo</i>, and <i>Curcuma longa</i> have shown potential in managing PCOS.</p> Summary <p>PCOS is a heterogeneous disorder with a range of symptoms including menstrual irregularities, hirsutism, acne, and metabolic issues. Effective management requires a comprehensive approach involving lifestyle changes, pharmacological treatments, and potentially medicinal plants. Given its complexity and associated risks, personalized diagnosis and treatment plans are essential for addressing the diverse manifestations and complications of PCOS.</p>