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Purpose <p>The biceps femoris long head (BFlh) has a complex architecture, posing challenges for accurately assessing its fascicle length. This study compared four 3D ultrasound (3DUS)-based methods for estimating mid-belly BFlh fascicle length in human cadavers (n = 6 legs).</p> Methods <p>Method 1 and Method 2 assumed straight fascicles within a single longitudinal plane, aligned with the muscle axis and oriented perpendicular to either proximal or distal aponeurosis. Method 3 represented multiplanar trajectory using two connected straight segments, whereas Method 4 further incorporated local in-plane curvature within each segment.</p> Results <p>Agreement relative to the direct measurement of fascicle length by dissection using Bland–Altman bias and 95% limits of agreement (LoA), together with mean difference. All 3DUS-based estimates showed good agreement with dissection (bias &lt; 7.5%, LoA &lt; 18.8&#xa0;mm, mean differences &lt; 7&#xa0;mm). Method 3 and Method 4 yielded the lowest bias, narrowest limits of agreement, and smallest mean differences. While repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect, post hoc analysis did not identify significant differences between methods (all p ≥ 0.096). All methods demonstrated good intra-rater repeatability (ICC (3,1) = 0.77–0.87) and moderate measurement precision (SEM = 5.51–8.74%).</p> Conclusion <p>Overall, these findings suggest that a two-plane approach yields higher accuracy for BFlh fascicle length measurements than approaches assuming straight fascicles within a single plane.</p>

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Comparison of different approaches to assess fascicle length using 3D ultrasound with cadaveric dissection as a reference for the human biceps femoris long head

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Carmela Julia Mantecón-Tagarro,
  • Guido Weide,
  • Yasuo Kawakami,
  • Huub Maas

摘要

Purpose

The biceps femoris long head (BFlh) has a complex architecture, posing challenges for accurately assessing its fascicle length. This study compared four 3D ultrasound (3DUS)-based methods for estimating mid-belly BFlh fascicle length in human cadavers (n = 6 legs).

Methods

Method 1 and Method 2 assumed straight fascicles within a single longitudinal plane, aligned with the muscle axis and oriented perpendicular to either proximal or distal aponeurosis. Method 3 represented multiplanar trajectory using two connected straight segments, whereas Method 4 further incorporated local in-plane curvature within each segment.

Results

Agreement relative to the direct measurement of fascicle length by dissection using Bland–Altman bias and 95% limits of agreement (LoA), together with mean difference. All 3DUS-based estimates showed good agreement with dissection (bias < 7.5%, LoA < 18.8 mm, mean differences < 7 mm). Method 3 and Method 4 yielded the lowest bias, narrowest limits of agreement, and smallest mean differences. While repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect, post hoc analysis did not identify significant differences between methods (all p ≥ 0.096). All methods demonstrated good intra-rater repeatability (ICC (3,1) = 0.77–0.87) and moderate measurement precision (SEM = 5.51–8.74%).

Conclusion

Overall, these findings suggest that a two-plane approach yields higher accuracy for BFlh fascicle length measurements than approaches assuming straight fascicles within a single plane.