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Purpose of Review <p>Transplantation activity is low in middle-income countries due to economic constraints and inadequate infrastructure. Several funding models have been developed, including Universal Health Coverage and Public-Private Partnerships (PPP). This review highlights these models in selected countries where programs have achieved financial sustainability and offer transplantation free of cost to patients.</p> Recent Findings <p>Government expenditure on health in middle-income countries ranges from 2.9 to 11.79% of GDP. Public funding supports 30–40% of transplants, while the rest are by PPPs. Overall, kidney transplant rates range &lt; 1–35/pmp and liver &lt; 1–17/pmp from living and deceased donors. Graft survival for kidney and liver at 5 years is &gt; 85% and &gt; 70% respectively. These models have helped establish the deceased donor program, resulting in heart, lung, pancreas, and bowel transplants.</p> Summary <p>Financially sustainable funding models have been established in a number of countries in LMIC and UMIC, supported by funding from the government and private organizations. </p>

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Financial Sustainability of Transplant Programs in Middle-income Countries

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月24日

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  • Mirza Naqi Zafar,
  • Syed Adibul Hasan Rizvi

摘要

Purpose of Review

Transplantation activity is low in middle-income countries due to economic constraints and inadequate infrastructure. Several funding models have been developed, including Universal Health Coverage and Public-Private Partnerships (PPP). This review highlights these models in selected countries where programs have achieved financial sustainability and offer transplantation free of cost to patients.

Recent Findings

Government expenditure on health in middle-income countries ranges from 2.9 to 11.79% of GDP. Public funding supports 30–40% of transplants, while the rest are by PPPs. Overall, kidney transplant rates range < 1–35/pmp and liver < 1–17/pmp from living and deceased donors. Graft survival for kidney and liver at 5 years is > 85% and > 70% respectively. These models have helped establish the deceased donor program, resulting in heart, lung, pancreas, and bowel transplants.

Summary

Financially sustainable funding models have been established in a number of countries in LMIC and UMIC, supported by funding from the government and private organizations.