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<p>The increasing usage of inverters in the grid and the incorporation of renewable energy sources have made it increasingly difficult to maintain a stable grid frequency. These challenges are due to the different grid conditions which affect the system stability and reliability. In order to maintain a stable grid frequency, the rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) was estimated, this study suggests a method that combines the salp swarm algorithm (SSA) with a convergent observer. For effective operation, second-order inertia is incorporated into the improved automated generation control (AGC) system that governs the ROCOF which is used to adjust active power output to stabilize frequency deviations when there is the occurrence of unknown disturbances. Grid-forming inverters act as virtual synchronous machines, imitating the behavior of traditional synchronous generators to maintain frequency by adjusting output both active and reactive power in response to AGC signals. The finding of this study proves that by adjusting AGC parameters, the SSA enhances the system performance. Meanwhile, the convergent observer measures unmeasured frequency values, minimizing deviations and guaranteeing stability. Grid frequency stability and reliability are improved under different scenarios when SSA and convergent observers are integrated with second-order inertia AGC, as shown by extensive simulations conducted on a test power system model. The proposed method outperforms current AGC and optimization techniques in terms of frequency control and response time across various operational scenarios and disturbances.</p>

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Second-order inertia automatic generation control based on grid-forming inverters using convergent observers salp swarm algorithm for frequency control

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月14日

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  • Amoh Mensah Akwasi,
  • Haoyong Chen,
  • Junfeng Liu,
  • Otuo-Acheampong Duku,
  • Xin Zeng

摘要

The increasing usage of inverters in the grid and the incorporation of renewable energy sources have made it increasingly difficult to maintain a stable grid frequency. These challenges are due to the different grid conditions which affect the system stability and reliability. In order to maintain a stable grid frequency, the rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) was estimated, this study suggests a method that combines the salp swarm algorithm (SSA) with a convergent observer. For effective operation, second-order inertia is incorporated into the improved automated generation control (AGC) system that governs the ROCOF which is used to adjust active power output to stabilize frequency deviations when there is the occurrence of unknown disturbances. Grid-forming inverters act as virtual synchronous machines, imitating the behavior of traditional synchronous generators to maintain frequency by adjusting output both active and reactive power in response to AGC signals. The finding of this study proves that by adjusting AGC parameters, the SSA enhances the system performance. Meanwhile, the convergent observer measures unmeasured frequency values, minimizing deviations and guaranteeing stability. Grid frequency stability and reliability are improved under different scenarios when SSA and convergent observers are integrated with second-order inertia AGC, as shown by extensive simulations conducted on a test power system model. The proposed method outperforms current AGC and optimization techniques in terms of frequency control and response time across various operational scenarios and disturbances.