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<p>The performance of supersonic ejectors is highly influenced by flow development in the mixing section. In this section, turbulent entrainment, compressibility, and wall friction introduce significant irreversibilities. Current design models are overly empirical because they are based on a constant area or constant pressure interpretation of mixing phenomena while these effects are clearly more complex. In this work, an irreversible gas dynamics approach is developed to estimate the development of primary (motive) and secondary (entrained) flows through annular mixing shear layers that includes the <i>“Constant Rate of Momentum Change (CRMC)”</i> and <i>“Constant Rate of Kinetic Energy Change (CRKEC)”</i> formulations for both real and perfect gases. The nozzle, mixing and diffuser geometries are optimized using a space-marching method with pressure rise, viscous dissipation and entrainment effects. Comparison with axisymmetric CFD shows very good agreement in pressure, Mach number and temperature distribution, with peak differences lower than 6% at the diffuser exit. The estimated entrainment ratio of 0.6 is in good agreement with CFD results of 0.541 (CRMC) and 0.520 (CRKEC), and the discrepancies are assumed to be caused by the omitted radial non-uniformity. The approach successfully captures the experimentally observed two-stage deflection process and circumvents the need for empirical loss factors, thus providing a systematic path towards further optimized ejector geometries. This work builds a physics-based, validated design tool for high-performance supersonic ejectors and paves the way for experimental prototyping to integrate ejectors with advanced propulsion and energy systems.</p>

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Development of a comprehensive irreversible gas dynamic model for the design of the mixing section in supersonic ejectors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月23日

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  • Devi Mutyala,
  • P. M. V. Subbarao,
  • Virendra Kumar

摘要

The performance of supersonic ejectors is highly influenced by flow development in the mixing section. In this section, turbulent entrainment, compressibility, and wall friction introduce significant irreversibilities. Current design models are overly empirical because they are based on a constant area or constant pressure interpretation of mixing phenomena while these effects are clearly more complex. In this work, an irreversible gas dynamics approach is developed to estimate the development of primary (motive) and secondary (entrained) flows through annular mixing shear layers that includes the “Constant Rate of Momentum Change (CRMC)” and “Constant Rate of Kinetic Energy Change (CRKEC)” formulations for both real and perfect gases. The nozzle, mixing and diffuser geometries are optimized using a space-marching method with pressure rise, viscous dissipation and entrainment effects. Comparison with axisymmetric CFD shows very good agreement in pressure, Mach number and temperature distribution, with peak differences lower than 6% at the diffuser exit. The estimated entrainment ratio of 0.6 is in good agreement with CFD results of 0.541 (CRMC) and 0.520 (CRKEC), and the discrepancies are assumed to be caused by the omitted radial non-uniformity. The approach successfully captures the experimentally observed two-stage deflection process and circumvents the need for empirical loss factors, thus providing a systematic path towards further optimized ejector geometries. This work builds a physics-based, validated design tool for high-performance supersonic ejectors and paves the way for experimental prototyping to integrate ejectors with advanced propulsion and energy systems.