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<p>The strong circular flow and sudden pressure changes generated by tornadoes pose a serious threat to the operational safety of high-speed trains (HSTs). Previous research has primarily focused on isolated parameters, leaving a significant gap in understanding the coupled effects of HST operating path, train speed, and tornado-like vortex (TLV) diameter. To address this knowledge gap, this study employs the sliding mesh computational fluid dynamics approach to systematically investigate the unsteady aerodynamic interactions between an HST and a TLV. The results demonstrate that the lateral offset of the HST’s path relative to the TLV center is the dominant factor governing aerodynamic load distribution. Particularly, the head car experiences the most severe impact, with its lateral force peaking on the central path showing dramatic increases of 71.71% and 41.28% compared to right and left paths, respectively. Path deviation induces sustained asymmetric pressure distributions, while movement through the central path triggers vortex core splitting into multiple small-scale vortices that significantly intensify transient shock loads. Both HST operational speed and path selection exert complex nonlinear influences on peak aerodynamic loads. Additionally, a noteworthy non-monotonic relationship exists between TLV diameter and load magnitude, with the 80&#xa0;m diameter vortex generating the most severe aerodynamic forces due to the matching between vortex core size and train geometry. These findings provide crucial insights for risk assessment and operational strategy optimization of HST systems in tornado-prone regions.</p>

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Unsteady aerodynamics of a train in a tornado-like vortex: the dominant influence of operating path over train speed and vortex scale

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月23日

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  • Shengpeng Wang,
  • Liming Du,
  • Yan Wang

摘要

The strong circular flow and sudden pressure changes generated by tornadoes pose a serious threat to the operational safety of high-speed trains (HSTs). Previous research has primarily focused on isolated parameters, leaving a significant gap in understanding the coupled effects of HST operating path, train speed, and tornado-like vortex (TLV) diameter. To address this knowledge gap, this study employs the sliding mesh computational fluid dynamics approach to systematically investigate the unsteady aerodynamic interactions between an HST and a TLV. The results demonstrate that the lateral offset of the HST’s path relative to the TLV center is the dominant factor governing aerodynamic load distribution. Particularly, the head car experiences the most severe impact, with its lateral force peaking on the central path showing dramatic increases of 71.71% and 41.28% compared to right and left paths, respectively. Path deviation induces sustained asymmetric pressure distributions, while movement through the central path triggers vortex core splitting into multiple small-scale vortices that significantly intensify transient shock loads. Both HST operational speed and path selection exert complex nonlinear influences on peak aerodynamic loads. Additionally, a noteworthy non-monotonic relationship exists between TLV diameter and load magnitude, with the 80 m diameter vortex generating the most severe aerodynamic forces due to the matching between vortex core size and train geometry. These findings provide crucial insights for risk assessment and operational strategy optimization of HST systems in tornado-prone regions.