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<p>This investigation provides a thermal-hydraulic analysis of two-dimensional, steady-state, laminar ferrofluid-driven mixed convection in a vertical open cavity containing an inclined fin and alternating hot and cold ribbons on each vertical wall. Four current-carrying wires, two mounted on the right wall and two on the left, generate a non-uniform magnetic field. The wires on the left wall are organized in three arrangements: centered on the ribbons (first), near the cavity’s openings (second), and on either side of the fin (third). The novelty of this study lies in the combined use of a variable magnetic field and a functional fin to actively guide ferrofluid flow within an open cavity, enabling the formation of thermally adaptive flow structures under mixed convection conditions. The physical processes are mathematically modeled by integrating the Navier-Stokes and Maxwell equations using a single-phase approach for the ferrofluid and applying the Boussinesq approximation. The ferrohydrodynamic body force is incorporated via the Kelvin force formulation. The resulting equations are subsequently solved numerically using the finite volume method. The parametric study evaluated the effects of the Richardson number (Ri) and magnetic number (Mn) across the various arrangements and fin inclination angles (-45°, 0°, and 45°). The results show that the magnetic field creates counter-rotating vortices, which improve cooling performance. Increasing Mn and Ri enhances heat transfer, with the first arrangement being the most effective and the second the least. Although fin inclination has a smaller impact, the horizontal fin consistently performs best. Pressure drop increases as Mn rises, peaking in the second configuration and remaining lowest in the third. The − 45° tilt yields the most advantageous pressure drop. Performance evaluation criterion (PEC) maps reveal that performance improves with higher Mn and lower Ri, with the first configuration performing best at ± 45°achieving PEC values of 2.32 and 7.63, respectively, and the third excelling at 0° with a peak of 2.92. Finally, two empirical correlations linking the Nusselt number to the magnetic number are developed for various magnetic source arrangements and fin inclinations, exhibiting maximum deviations from the numerical data of 5.1% and 10.9%, respectively.</p>

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Computational analysis of ferrofluid mixed convection flow in an open cavity with an inclined fin under a spatially modulated magnetic field

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月27日

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  • W. Nessab,
  • B. Fersadou,
  • H. Kahalerras,
  • N. Guerroudj

摘要

This investigation provides a thermal-hydraulic analysis of two-dimensional, steady-state, laminar ferrofluid-driven mixed convection in a vertical open cavity containing an inclined fin and alternating hot and cold ribbons on each vertical wall. Four current-carrying wires, two mounted on the right wall and two on the left, generate a non-uniform magnetic field. The wires on the left wall are organized in three arrangements: centered on the ribbons (first), near the cavity’s openings (second), and on either side of the fin (third). The novelty of this study lies in the combined use of a variable magnetic field and a functional fin to actively guide ferrofluid flow within an open cavity, enabling the formation of thermally adaptive flow structures under mixed convection conditions. The physical processes are mathematically modeled by integrating the Navier-Stokes and Maxwell equations using a single-phase approach for the ferrofluid and applying the Boussinesq approximation. The ferrohydrodynamic body force is incorporated via the Kelvin force formulation. The resulting equations are subsequently solved numerically using the finite volume method. The parametric study evaluated the effects of the Richardson number (Ri) and magnetic number (Mn) across the various arrangements and fin inclination angles (-45°, 0°, and 45°). The results show that the magnetic field creates counter-rotating vortices, which improve cooling performance. Increasing Mn and Ri enhances heat transfer, with the first arrangement being the most effective and the second the least. Although fin inclination has a smaller impact, the horizontal fin consistently performs best. Pressure drop increases as Mn rises, peaking in the second configuration and remaining lowest in the third. The − 45° tilt yields the most advantageous pressure drop. Performance evaluation criterion (PEC) maps reveal that performance improves with higher Mn and lower Ri, with the first configuration performing best at ± 45°achieving PEC values of 2.32 and 7.63, respectively, and the third excelling at 0° with a peak of 2.92. Finally, two empirical correlations linking the Nusselt number to the magnetic number are developed for various magnetic source arrangements and fin inclinations, exhibiting maximum deviations from the numerical data of 5.1% and 10.9%, respectively.