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<p>Understanding the damage behavior of non-crimp fabric (NCF) composites under impact loading is essential for reliable structural design, particularly in industries where lightweight and high-performance materials are critical, such as aerospace, automotive, wind energy, and marine engineering. This study proposes an empirical model to evaluate the residual mechanical properties of NCF laminates subjected to low-velocity impacts, with special attention to the influence of impact energy on material performance. To this end, polymeric laminates reinforced with E-glass fibers were impacted and subsequently tested using three-point bending. These tests assessed the residual mechanical properties based on two variables: increasing distance from the impact point and increasing applied impact energy (46&#xa0;J, 77&#xa0;J, and 101&#xa0;J). Additionally, the study evaluated whether the use of bidirectional fabrics reduces damage formation and propagation. The results showed that the use of bidirectional fabric reduced damage propagation in the laminates, especially at higher impact energy levels, and that laminates with bidirectional fabric were able to withstand a higher impact energy before beginning to lose their mechanical properties—showing a 24% increase. Finally, the empirical model developed in this study demonstrated good agreement with the experimental data, with a correlation coefficient of 0.94, making it possible to determine the damaged area and, consequently, the loss of strength in that region using the impact energy as a basis for calculation.</p>

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Development of an empirical model for the residual strength and stiffness of non-crimp fabric laminates under low-velocity impact

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月11日

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  • Ricardo Alex Dantas da Cunha,
  • Valério Costa Neto,
  • Rayane Dantas da Cunha,
  • Wanderley Ferreira de Amorim Junior,
  • Raimundo Carlos Silverio Freire Junior

摘要

Understanding the damage behavior of non-crimp fabric (NCF) composites under impact loading is essential for reliable structural design, particularly in industries where lightweight and high-performance materials are critical, such as aerospace, automotive, wind energy, and marine engineering. This study proposes an empirical model to evaluate the residual mechanical properties of NCF laminates subjected to low-velocity impacts, with special attention to the influence of impact energy on material performance. To this end, polymeric laminates reinforced with E-glass fibers were impacted and subsequently tested using three-point bending. These tests assessed the residual mechanical properties based on two variables: increasing distance from the impact point and increasing applied impact energy (46 J, 77 J, and 101 J). Additionally, the study evaluated whether the use of bidirectional fabrics reduces damage formation and propagation. The results showed that the use of bidirectional fabric reduced damage propagation in the laminates, especially at higher impact energy levels, and that laminates with bidirectional fabric were able to withstand a higher impact energy before beginning to lose their mechanical properties—showing a 24% increase. Finally, the empirical model developed in this study demonstrated good agreement with the experimental data, with a correlation coefficient of 0.94, making it possible to determine the damaged area and, consequently, the loss of strength in that region using the impact energy as a basis for calculation.