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<p>This study examines heat and mass transfer in a two-dimensional, unsteady, incompressible magnetohydrodynamic Maxwell hybrid nanofluid flow over a permeable stretchable surface. It considers the non-uniform heat source and nonlinear radiation, employing modified Fick’s and Fourier’s laws to analyze thermal and solutal relaxation parameters. The analysis includes mixed convective boundary conditions, thermophoresis effect, and Brownian motion. The hybrid nanofluid consists of <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A{l}_{2}{O}_{3}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (alumina) and <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Cu\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (copper) nanoparticles dispersed in a base fluid of a mixture of water and ethylene glycol. The homotopy technique analyzes the influence of physical parameters on velocity, temperature, nanoparticle concentration, heat and mass transfer rates, and surface drag force. Numerical and graphical results for steady and unsteady flows demonstrate consistency with previous studies. The analysis reveals that an increase in the temperature ratio enhances the heat transfer rate, while the thermal relaxation parameter <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({K}_{2}=0.2\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> results in an approximate 4% improvement in the heat transfer rate in both flow types.</p>

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Analysing Brownian motion and thermophoretic effects on unsteady Maxwell MHD radiative hybrid nanofluid flow over a permeable stretching surface, with generalised Fick’s and Fourier’s laws

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月11日

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  • Vishalkumar J. Prajapati,
  • Ramakanta Meher

摘要

This study examines heat and mass transfer in a two-dimensional, unsteady, incompressible magnetohydrodynamic Maxwell hybrid nanofluid flow over a permeable stretchable surface. It considers the non-uniform heat source and nonlinear radiation, employing modified Fick’s and Fourier’s laws to analyze thermal and solutal relaxation parameters. The analysis includes mixed convective boundary conditions, thermophoresis effect, and Brownian motion. The hybrid nanofluid consists of \(A{l}_{2}{O}_{3}\) (alumina) and \(Cu\) (copper) nanoparticles dispersed in a base fluid of a mixture of water and ethylene glycol. The homotopy technique analyzes the influence of physical parameters on velocity, temperature, nanoparticle concentration, heat and mass transfer rates, and surface drag force. Numerical and graphical results for steady and unsteady flows demonstrate consistency with previous studies. The analysis reveals that an increase in the temperature ratio enhances the heat transfer rate, while the thermal relaxation parameter \({K}_{2}=0.2\) results in an approximate 4% improvement in the heat transfer rate in both flow types.