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<p>The toroidal explosively formed projectile (TEFP) is a kill element characterized by a large caliber and thin-wall structure, which enables it to overcome the small penetration aperture limitation of traditional explosively formed projectiles. A study of its formation mechanism and penetration characteristics is therefore essential to unlock its full potential. This work investigates the dynamic response of a finite-thickness steel target subjected to high-velocity impact by TEFPs with different structures. The deformation and penetration process of various structural TEFPs has been categorized into stages. Simultaneously, the microstructural evolution of the penetration crater on the steel target’s surface and the morphological characteristics of the fracture surface were analyzed, revealing the failure mechanism of the steel target under the impact of TEFPs. The results show that under the superimposed effect of the blast wave and the internally reflected wave, the liner expansion and ruptures, eventually deforms into a toroidal kill element. The steel grains surrounding the penetration crater experienced dynamic recrystallization, evident in the extreme plastic deformation generated in the region near the crater wall. The liner thickness have a significant influence on the penetration effect of TEFP. Under the same standoff distance, TEFP with 3&#xa0;mm liner thickness can completely penetrate the steel target, while TEFP with 4&#xa0;mm liner thickness can only generate a toroidal bulge on the rear of the target plate. This study provides insight into the formation mechanisms of TEFPs with different structures and provides theoretical support for the optimal design of TEFPs and the prediction of their penetration performance.</p>

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Forming mechanism and penetration performance of toroidal explosively formed projectile shaped charge

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月6日

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  • Yu Hu,
  • Yuting Wang,
  • Chong Ji,
  • Xin Wang,
  • ChangXiao Zhao,
  • Huanyu Qian,
  • Kejie Wang

摘要

The toroidal explosively formed projectile (TEFP) is a kill element characterized by a large caliber and thin-wall structure, which enables it to overcome the small penetration aperture limitation of traditional explosively formed projectiles. A study of its formation mechanism and penetration characteristics is therefore essential to unlock its full potential. This work investigates the dynamic response of a finite-thickness steel target subjected to high-velocity impact by TEFPs with different structures. The deformation and penetration process of various structural TEFPs has been categorized into stages. Simultaneously, the microstructural evolution of the penetration crater on the steel target’s surface and the morphological characteristics of the fracture surface were analyzed, revealing the failure mechanism of the steel target under the impact of TEFPs. The results show that under the superimposed effect of the blast wave and the internally reflected wave, the liner expansion and ruptures, eventually deforms into a toroidal kill element. The steel grains surrounding the penetration crater experienced dynamic recrystallization, evident in the extreme plastic deformation generated in the region near the crater wall. The liner thickness have a significant influence on the penetration effect of TEFP. Under the same standoff distance, TEFP with 3 mm liner thickness can completely penetrate the steel target, while TEFP with 4 mm liner thickness can only generate a toroidal bulge on the rear of the target plate. This study provides insight into the formation mechanisms of TEFPs with different structures and provides theoretical support for the optimal design of TEFPs and the prediction of their penetration performance.