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<p>The search for new and green sources of energy has accelerated in recent decades to solve problems related to the negative effects of hydrocarbon fuels and the instability in traditional fuel prices. Therefore, it was necessary to develop less expensive and less harmful sources of energy that minimize energy cost and emissions. Oxyhydrogen (HHO) is a potential source of energy with minimal environmental impact when blended with gasoline. It enhances the combustion reaction and consequently reduces emissions. In this work, an HHO fuel cell was tested with different concentrations of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO<sub>3</sub>) added to distilled water as an electrolyte. The released HHO gas was fed into the engine's intake lines, and engine power and emissions were measured at different engine speeds and correlated with the amount of NaHCO<sub>3</sub> in the fuel cell. Design of experiments (DOE) methods were used to understand the behavior of the system under the influence of different concentrations of NaHCO<sub>3</sub> at different engine speeds. The results showed that adding HHO to the combustion process improved fuel efficiency and engine performance, while also reducing emissions. The experimental results showed an average increase in thermal efficiency of 3.6%, reaching a maximum improvement of 12.69% at a NaHCO<sub>3</sub> concentration of 15&#xa0;g/L and an engine speed of 1800&#xa0;rpm. Additionally, the results indicated an average reduction in fuel consumption, leading to approximately 2.87% decrease in both carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions, with the greatest reduction of 11.6% also occurring at the 15&#xa0;g/L concentration and 1800&#xa0;rpm engine speed.</p>

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Effect of sodium bicarbonate-enriched HHO fuel cells on gasoline engine performance: a design of experiments approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月3日

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  • Khalid Alzoubi,
  • Ammar A. Al-Rousan,
  • Sa’ed A. Musmar,
  • Dana M. Elrushaidat

摘要

The search for new and green sources of energy has accelerated in recent decades to solve problems related to the negative effects of hydrocarbon fuels and the instability in traditional fuel prices. Therefore, it was necessary to develop less expensive and less harmful sources of energy that minimize energy cost and emissions. Oxyhydrogen (HHO) is a potential source of energy with minimal environmental impact when blended with gasoline. It enhances the combustion reaction and consequently reduces emissions. In this work, an HHO fuel cell was tested with different concentrations of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) added to distilled water as an electrolyte. The released HHO gas was fed into the engine's intake lines, and engine power and emissions were measured at different engine speeds and correlated with the amount of NaHCO3 in the fuel cell. Design of experiments (DOE) methods were used to understand the behavior of the system under the influence of different concentrations of NaHCO3 at different engine speeds. The results showed that adding HHO to the combustion process improved fuel efficiency and engine performance, while also reducing emissions. The experimental results showed an average increase in thermal efficiency of 3.6%, reaching a maximum improvement of 12.69% at a NaHCO3 concentration of 15 g/L and an engine speed of 1800 rpm. Additionally, the results indicated an average reduction in fuel consumption, leading to approximately 2.87% decrease in both carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, with the greatest reduction of 11.6% also occurring at the 15 g/L concentration and 1800 rpm engine speed.