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<p>This study presents a comprehensive three-dimensional numerical investigation of the bond behavior between steel reinforcement and concrete in direct pull-out tests, employing a cohesive zone model and an advanced constitutive law. Building upon validated experimental data, the mechanical performance of the steel–concrete interface is analyzed for cylindrical and cubic specimens with varying bar diameters (6.3&#xa0;mm, 8&#xa0;mm, and 10&#xa0;mm). The numerical implementation incorporates a cohesive interface element based on Roychowdhury’s model, and a non-conventional constitutive law proposed by Rolland et al., originally formulated for FRP bars and herein applied for the first time to steel reinforcement. Calibration of the model parameters is performed using a Grey Wolf Optimizer, ensuring accurate replication of stress-slip responses. The results demonstrate that specimen geometry substantially influences internal stress distribution and bond behavior, particularly at higher bar diameters. Cylindrical specimens exhibit increased compressive stress concentrations near the bonded region, while cubic specimens present more uniform stress fields. Despite similar average bond strengths between geometries, internal mechanical responses diverge significantly, challenging the conventional assumption of geometric equivalence in pull-out testing. The modeling approach proves robust and predictive, offering valuable insights for future studies on interface mechanics in reinforced concrete elements and laying a foundation for extending cohesive modeling to structural-scale applications.</p>

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Numerical Investigation of Pull-Out Tests: A Comparative Study Between Cylindrical and Cubic Specimens

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月2日

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  • Luiz de Sousa Leal Neto,
  • Virgínia Lúcia de Sousa Leal Bonfim

摘要

This study presents a comprehensive three-dimensional numerical investigation of the bond behavior between steel reinforcement and concrete in direct pull-out tests, employing a cohesive zone model and an advanced constitutive law. Building upon validated experimental data, the mechanical performance of the steel–concrete interface is analyzed for cylindrical and cubic specimens with varying bar diameters (6.3 mm, 8 mm, and 10 mm). The numerical implementation incorporates a cohesive interface element based on Roychowdhury’s model, and a non-conventional constitutive law proposed by Rolland et al., originally formulated for FRP bars and herein applied for the first time to steel reinforcement. Calibration of the model parameters is performed using a Grey Wolf Optimizer, ensuring accurate replication of stress-slip responses. The results demonstrate that specimen geometry substantially influences internal stress distribution and bond behavior, particularly at higher bar diameters. Cylindrical specimens exhibit increased compressive stress concentrations near the bonded region, while cubic specimens present more uniform stress fields. Despite similar average bond strengths between geometries, internal mechanical responses diverge significantly, challenging the conventional assumption of geometric equivalence in pull-out testing. The modeling approach proves robust and predictive, offering valuable insights for future studies on interface mechanics in reinforced concrete elements and laying a foundation for extending cohesive modeling to structural-scale applications.