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<p>The present work is focused on investigating the forming limit curve (FLC) of 17–4 PH stainless steel sheets through hemispherical dome height tests under different heat-treated conditions such as as-received (AR), which is cold rolled, solution heat treated (SHT), and age hardened (AH). The forming limit is predicted by finite element (FE) simulations using DEFORM-3D software, incorporating three fracture models, i.e., Cockcroft and Latham, normalized Cockcroft and Latham, and Freudenthal. Time-dependent method is also used to predict limit strain. The effectiveness of FLC prediction methods has been discussed. Fracture location and strain distribution are predicted and validated. The FLC shows progressive improvement with heat treatment transitioning from AR to SHT and further to AH. Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) of austenite phase is mainly responsible for this improvement. There is a notable enhancement in normal anisotropy, higher in case of AH sample, due to the strengthening of {111} texture with subsequent heat treatments as demonstrated by pole figures. Such improvement correlates well with the FLC improvement in the drawing side of FLC. The plane strain forming limit shows linear correlation with strain hardening exponent, normal anisotropy, and total elongation and an exponential decay relationship with yield strength. FLCs predicted at AR and heat-treated conditions through FE simulations incorporating three fracture models show acceptable agreement with the corresponding experimental data; however, Cockcroft and Latham criterion showed better accuracy (% error ≈&#xa0;2.1) not only in FLC prediction, but also in fracture location and strain distribution. The presence of fine dimples and tearing ridges in AH condition results in improved formability.</p>

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Forming limit analysis of 17–4 PH stainless steel sheets: experimental and predictive approaches

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月29日

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  • Rishabh Saxena,
  • R. Ganesh Narayanan,
  • P. S. Robi,
  • Ishwar Kapoor

摘要

The present work is focused on investigating the forming limit curve (FLC) of 17–4 PH stainless steel sheets through hemispherical dome height tests under different heat-treated conditions such as as-received (AR), which is cold rolled, solution heat treated (SHT), and age hardened (AH). The forming limit is predicted by finite element (FE) simulations using DEFORM-3D software, incorporating three fracture models, i.e., Cockcroft and Latham, normalized Cockcroft and Latham, and Freudenthal. Time-dependent method is also used to predict limit strain. The effectiveness of FLC prediction methods has been discussed. Fracture location and strain distribution are predicted and validated. The FLC shows progressive improvement with heat treatment transitioning from AR to SHT and further to AH. Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) of austenite phase is mainly responsible for this improvement. There is a notable enhancement in normal anisotropy, higher in case of AH sample, due to the strengthening of {111} texture with subsequent heat treatments as demonstrated by pole figures. Such improvement correlates well with the FLC improvement in the drawing side of FLC. The plane strain forming limit shows linear correlation with strain hardening exponent, normal anisotropy, and total elongation and an exponential decay relationship with yield strength. FLCs predicted at AR and heat-treated conditions through FE simulations incorporating three fracture models show acceptable agreement with the corresponding experimental data; however, Cockcroft and Latham criterion showed better accuracy (% error ≈ 2.1) not only in FLC prediction, but also in fracture location and strain distribution. The presence of fine dimples and tearing ridges in AH condition results in improved formability.