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<p>Angiosperms have developed sophisticated reproductive strategies employing biotic (animal) and abiotic (wind) pollination to ensure seed production. While ambophily, the combination of both pollination systems, has been documented for other Poales, it remained overlooked for the Eriocaulaceae. Due to floral morphology, the pollination system for the family was previously suggested as wind-pollination. However, recent studies have revealed frequent animal pollination for its species. This study investigates the combined influence of wind and animal pollination on the reproductive success of <i>Paepalanthus calvus</i> across two distinct lithobiomes in southeastern Brazil: <i>campos de altitude</i> and <i>campos rupestres</i>. To detect ambophily, we first tested the potential for pollen export by the wind followed by vector exclusion experiments. Through field observations, we identified flies as the primary floral visitors, differing from prior studies within the genus.&#xa0;Also, due to the presence of diverse insects as floral visitors, we identified the species as generalist. The functional groups of pollinators did not vary across lithobiomes&#xa0;and no significant variation was detected in visitation frequency. Our findings demonstrate that both wind and insect pollination significantly contribute to fruit and seed formation in <i>P</i>. <i>calvus</i>. These results emphasize the importance of ambophily for reproductive success within Eriocaulaceae, and its role as an adaptive strategy in environments where pollinators can be scarce, such as the Brazilian lithobiomes.</p>

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Ambophily ensures high reproductive success in a generalist species: Paepalanthus calvus (Eriocaulaceae) as study case

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月3日

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  • Mylena Cabrini,
  • Isis Paglia,
  • Alessandra Ribeiro Pinto,
  • Catarina Lira,
  • Marcelo Trovó

摘要

Angiosperms have developed sophisticated reproductive strategies employing biotic (animal) and abiotic (wind) pollination to ensure seed production. While ambophily, the combination of both pollination systems, has been documented for other Poales, it remained overlooked for the Eriocaulaceae. Due to floral morphology, the pollination system for the family was previously suggested as wind-pollination. However, recent studies have revealed frequent animal pollination for its species. This study investigates the combined influence of wind and animal pollination on the reproductive success of Paepalanthus calvus across two distinct lithobiomes in southeastern Brazil: campos de altitude and campos rupestres. To detect ambophily, we first tested the potential for pollen export by the wind followed by vector exclusion experiments. Through field observations, we identified flies as the primary floral visitors, differing from prior studies within the genus. Also, due to the presence of diverse insects as floral visitors, we identified the species as generalist. The functional groups of pollinators did not vary across lithobiomes and no significant variation was detected in visitation frequency. Our findings demonstrate that both wind and insect pollination significantly contribute to fruit and seed formation in P. calvus. These results emphasize the importance of ambophily for reproductive success within Eriocaulaceae, and its role as an adaptive strategy in environments where pollinators can be scarce, such as the Brazilian lithobiomes.