Purpose <p>Radiosynovectomy has been introduced as an effective and low-cost method for synovectomy. This method is performed by intra-articular injection of beta-emitting substances. In the present article, we systematically reviewed the available literature on the effects of ^188/186Re-radiopharmaceuticals on treating arthritis in animal/human models.</p> Method <p>The electronic search were carried out until January 2025. There was no limitation on language or date. The data were searched and exploited by two authors. The extracted data included the radiopharmaceutical used, dosage, administration route, follow-up duration, and outcomes of the studies.</p> Results <p>Fifteen articles were included in this systematic review. Four articles were pure animal studies. Ten articles were pure human studies, and one article included both animal and human models. Animal studies showed the efficacy of Radiosynovectomy with ^188/186Re-radiopharmaceuticals on arthritis. Scintigraphy and biodistribution showed that most of the radiotracer remained in the target and little activity was observed in other organs especially liver and spleen. Human studies showed that Radiosynovectomy with ^188/186Re-radiopharmaceuticals can decrease pain and swelling and improve the range of motion of injected joints. However, the follow-up period in all these studies except one was short. The sample size was small in most of these studies except for two and the control group was present in only three. All studies except one were non-randomized. These studies reported minor and short-term local complications in a small number of patients.</p> Conclusions <p>Radiosynovectomy by ^188/186Re-radiopharmaceuticals is a low-risk and effective treatment in inflammatory arthritis resistant to treatment.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>