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<p>Determining the geoid gravimetrically poses challenges which are complex mathematical computation and variability representation of the Earth, particularly when precision is necessary. This study aimed to compare the geoid determination methods namely: least squares collocation (LSC), Stokes integral, and Hotine integral methods. Shuttle Radar topography mission (SRTM), gravity anomaly, gravity disturbance, Earth gravity model 2008 (EGM2008), and global navigation satellite systems with levelling (GNSS/Levelling) data were used for the purpose of geoid determination methods. The LSC method was applied using the RCR technique. Whereas Stokes and Hotine integrals methods were computed based on KTH approach with essential corrections, including topographic, atmospheric, ellipsoidal, and downward continuation refinements. All three approaches yielded consistent geoid models with validation against benchmarks produced standard deviations of 0.069&#xa0;m for LSC, 0.062&#xa0;m for Stokes, and 0.061&#xa0;m for Hotine. The findings demonstrate that the LSC provides reliable geoid approximations, Stokes and Hotine integrals attain marginally higher precision. This study highlights the significance of integrating airborne gravity data with global geopotential models and determined the gravimetric geoid model to contribute the development of an accurate nationwide vertical reference for Ethiopia.</p>

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Comparison of geoid determination methods in the central part of Ethiopia

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月8日

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  • Zenebe Ayele Gebrekidan,
  • Andenet Ashagrie Gedamu,
  • Mesay Tefera Kassaw

摘要

Determining the geoid gravimetrically poses challenges which are complex mathematical computation and variability representation of the Earth, particularly when precision is necessary. This study aimed to compare the geoid determination methods namely: least squares collocation (LSC), Stokes integral, and Hotine integral methods. Shuttle Radar topography mission (SRTM), gravity anomaly, gravity disturbance, Earth gravity model 2008 (EGM2008), and global navigation satellite systems with levelling (GNSS/Levelling) data were used for the purpose of geoid determination methods. The LSC method was applied using the RCR technique. Whereas Stokes and Hotine integrals methods were computed based on KTH approach with essential corrections, including topographic, atmospheric, ellipsoidal, and downward continuation refinements. All three approaches yielded consistent geoid models with validation against benchmarks produced standard deviations of 0.069 m for LSC, 0.062 m for Stokes, and 0.061 m for Hotine. The findings demonstrate that the LSC provides reliable geoid approximations, Stokes and Hotine integrals attain marginally higher precision. This study highlights the significance of integrating airborne gravity data with global geopotential models and determined the gravimetric geoid model to contribute the development of an accurate nationwide vertical reference for Ethiopia.