<p>Let <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Pi _n=[c_1, c_2, \ldots ,c_n,c_1]\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Π</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> be a positively oriented Jordan polygon with distinct vertices <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(c_k\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> occurring in order as <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Pi _n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Π</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is positively traversed, and let <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Omega \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> be the Jordan domain bounded by <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Pi _n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Π</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Let <i>f</i> and <i>F</i> be the harmonic extensions into the open unit disc <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {D}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">D</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of the step functions on the unit circle <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {T}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">T</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> defined by <Equation ID="Equ9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned}f(e^{it}) = c_k \;(t_{k-1}&lt; t&lt; t_k)\quad \text {and}\quad F(e^{is}) = c_k,\qquad s_{k-1}&lt;s&lt;s_k,\end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">it</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mspace width="0.277778em" /> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="1em" /> <mtext>and</mtext> <mspace width="1em" /> <mi>F</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">is</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="2em" /> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>where <Equation ID="Equ10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned}0\le t_0&lt;t_1&lt;\cdots&lt;t_{n}=t_0+2\pi \quad \text {and}\quad 0\le s_0&lt;s_1&lt;\cdots &lt;s_{n}=s_0+2\pi .\end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>&lt;</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mo>⋯</mo> <mo>&lt;</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mspace width="1em" /> <mtext>and</mtext> <mspace width="1em" /> <mn>0</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>&lt;</mo> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mo>⋯</mo> <mo>&lt;</mo> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>Let <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\zeta _k=e^{it_k}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>ζ</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\eta _k=e^{is_k}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>η</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0\le k\le n-1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>k</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Assume there exists <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(r, 1\le r\le n-1, \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>r</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\eta _k=\zeta _{k+r}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>η</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>ζ</mi> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0\le k\le n-1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>k</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\zeta _{n+j}=\zeta _j\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>ζ</mi> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>ζ</mi> <mi>j</mi> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0\le j\le r-1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>j</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Let <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G=f-F\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>F</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and let <InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\omega \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ω</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> be the (second complex) dilatation of <i>G</i> such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq18"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(|\omega |&lt;1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in <InlineEquation ID="IEq19"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {D}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">D</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The results of this paper are: <OrderedList> <ListItem> <ItemNumber>(a)</ItemNumber> <ItemContent> <p>If <InlineEquation ID="IEq20"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Omega \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is convex, then <i>G</i> is a univalent starlike harmonic mapping.</p> </ItemContent> </ListItem> <ListItem> <ItemNumber>(b)</ItemNumber> <ItemContent> <p>If <InlineEquation ID="IEq21"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(r=1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>r</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> or <InlineEquation ID="IEq22"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( n-1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, then <i>G</i> is a harmonic mapping that admits the origin exactly once, counting multiplicity.</p> </ItemContent> </ListItem> <ListItem> <ItemNumber>(c)</ItemNumber> <ItemContent> <p>If <InlineEquation ID="IEq23"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(2\le r\le n-2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and if an additional condition is fulfilled, then the same conclusion of (b) holds.</p> </ItemContent> </ListItem> <ListItem> <ItemNumber>(d)</ItemNumber> <ItemContent> <p><i>G</i> is <InlineEquation ID="IEq24"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\lceil n/2 -1\rceil \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>⌈</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>⌉</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-valent in <InlineEquation ID="IEq25"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {D}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">D</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>; in particular, <i>G</i> is a harmonic mapping which is univalent close-to-convex if <InlineEquation ID="IEq26"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(n=4\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and is 2-valent if <InlineEquation ID="IEq27"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(n=5\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> or 6.</p> </ItemContent> </ListItem> </OrderedList></p>

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On the Harmonic Extensions of Step Functions on the Unit Circle

  • Daoud Bshouty,
  • Abdallah Lyzzaik

摘要

Let \(\Pi _n=[c_1, c_2, \ldots ,c_n,c_1]\) Π n = [ c 1 , c 2 , , c n , c 1 ] be a positively oriented Jordan polygon with distinct vertices \(c_k\) c k occurring in order as \(\Pi _n\) Π n is positively traversed, and let \(\Omega \) Ω be the Jordan domain bounded by \(\Pi _n\) Π n . Let f and F be the harmonic extensions into the open unit disc \(\mathbb {D}\) D of the step functions on the unit circle \(\mathbb {T}\) T defined by \(\begin{aligned}f(e^{it}) = c_k \;(t_{k-1}< t< t_k)\quad \text {and}\quad F(e^{is}) = c_k,\qquad s_{k-1}<s<s_k,\end{aligned}\) f ( e it ) = c k ( t k - 1 < t < t k ) and F ( e is ) = c k , s k - 1 < s < s k , where \(\begin{aligned}0\le t_0<t_1<\cdots<t_{n}=t_0+2\pi \quad \text {and}\quad 0\le s_0<s_1<\cdots <s_{n}=s_0+2\pi .\end{aligned}\) 0 t 0 < t 1 < < t n = t 0 + 2 π and 0 s 0 < s 1 < < s n = s 0 + 2 π . Let \(\zeta _k=e^{it_k}\) ζ k = e i t k and \(\eta _k=e^{is_k}\) η k = e i s k , where \(0\le k\le n-1\) 0 k n - 1 . Assume there exists \(r, 1\le r\le n-1, \) r , 1 r n - 1 , such that \(\eta _k=\zeta _{k+r}\) η k = ζ k + r , where \(0\le k\le n-1\) 0 k n - 1 and \(\zeta _{n+j}=\zeta _j\) ζ n + j = ζ j , \(0\le j\le r-1\) 0 j r - 1 . Let \(G=f-F\) G = f - F and let \(\omega \) ω be the (second complex) dilatation of G such that \(|\omega |<1\) | ω | < 1 in \(\mathbb {D}\) D . The results of this paper are: (a)

If \(\Omega \) Ω is convex, then G is a univalent starlike harmonic mapping.

(b)

If \(r=1\) r = 1 or \( n-1\) n - 1 , then G is a harmonic mapping that admits the origin exactly once, counting multiplicity.

(c)

If \(2\le r\le n-2\) 2 r n - 2 and if an additional condition is fulfilled, then the same conclusion of (b) holds.

(d)

G is \(\lceil n/2 -1\rceil \) n / 2 - 1 -valent in \(\mathbb {D}\) D ; in particular, G is a harmonic mapping which is univalent close-to-convex if \(n=4\) n = 4 and is 2-valent if \(n=5\) n = 5 or 6.