<p>This paper is concerned with the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) control problem of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) fleets. The goal is to optimize the utilization and storage of the distributed power of HEVs through bidirectional access points such as reduces the utilization cost of each vehicle, maximizes the profits to vehicle owners and furthermore improves the power network stability that may be put at risk due to uncontrolled EVs charging and discharging. A novel distributed model multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) based energy management system (EMS) that is capable of simultaneously computing the optimal charging decisions and learning coordination in real-time is presented in this paper. We include a novel coordination mechanism based on the weight concept to solve the fleet management problem formulated as a Multi-Agents Markov Decision Process (MMDP). This mechanism combines Distributed Q-Learning (DQL) and W-Learning (WL) algorithms to select the optimal joint action at each time step without any prediction effort, where control decisions are made only on the current states of the system and the rewards received. It gives online solutions to efficiently coordinate between vehicles in direct competition and avoid any time or space correlation which is the main challenge in large systems where multiple agents aim to act at the same time. Furthermore, the distributed strategy allows reduce the computations of the global control problem by solving local optimizations and efficiently selecting the optimal policy in real-time while satisfying both the financial and technical constraints. Simulation results show that the proposed control method can offset the energy cost of driving over the year for every vehicle owner and generate an individual annual profit above 90$, accounting for 20% of the consumption cost while providing energy and auxiliary services to the power grid.</p>

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A Coordinated Optimization Strategy for Energy Management of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Fleets

  • Amel Bounar,
  • Hamid Boubertakh,
  • Mahmoud Arbid

摘要

This paper is concerned with the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) control problem of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) fleets. The goal is to optimize the utilization and storage of the distributed power of HEVs through bidirectional access points such as reduces the utilization cost of each vehicle, maximizes the profits to vehicle owners and furthermore improves the power network stability that may be put at risk due to uncontrolled EVs charging and discharging. A novel distributed model multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) based energy management system (EMS) that is capable of simultaneously computing the optimal charging decisions and learning coordination in real-time is presented in this paper. We include a novel coordination mechanism based on the weight concept to solve the fleet management problem formulated as a Multi-Agents Markov Decision Process (MMDP). This mechanism combines Distributed Q-Learning (DQL) and W-Learning (WL) algorithms to select the optimal joint action at each time step without any prediction effort, where control decisions are made only on the current states of the system and the rewards received. It gives online solutions to efficiently coordinate between vehicles in direct competition and avoid any time or space correlation which is the main challenge in large systems where multiple agents aim to act at the same time. Furthermore, the distributed strategy allows reduce the computations of the global control problem by solving local optimizations and efficiently selecting the optimal policy in real-time while satisfying both the financial and technical constraints. Simulation results show that the proposed control method can offset the energy cost of driving over the year for every vehicle owner and generate an individual annual profit above 90$, accounting for 20% of the consumption cost while providing energy and auxiliary services to the power grid.