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Objectives <p>Core temperature (T<sub>CORE</sub>), skin temperature (T<sub>TORSO</sub>) and running kinematics were measured across different athlete categories at a World Cup Sprint Triathlon, occurring during a heatwave (~ 25–31&#xa0;°C Wet Bulb Globe Temperature [WBGT]).</p> Methods <p>Sixty-six triathletes participated: 21 World Cup (7 females), 32 Hong Kong-Elite (HK-Elite; 8 females) and 13 Amateur (6 females).</p> Results <p>Seventeen triathletes displayed a T<sub>CORE</sub> &gt; 40.0&#xa0;°C and two &gt; 41.0&#xa0;°C. Peak T<sub>CORE</sub> was not different between athlete categories (World Cup: 39.7 ± 0.6&#xa0;°C; HK-Elite: 39.9 ± 0.8&#xa0;°C; Amateur: 39.5 ± 0.8&#xa0;°C; <i>p</i> = 0.357). However, there was an interaction between race phase and category (<i>p</i> = 0.001). Changes in T<sub>CORE</sub> for World Cup (2.4 ± 0.4&#xa0;°C) and HK-Elite (2.5 ± 1.0&#xa0;°C) were greater than for Amateurs (1.5 ± 0.7&#xa0;°C). Peak T<sub>TORSO</sub> was higher in HK-Elites during afternoon races compared with morning World Cup races (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). T<sub>TORSO</sub> reduced during the swim (<i>p</i><sub>bonf</sub> &lt; 0.001), then increased during the bike (<i>p</i><sub>bonf</sub> &lt; 0.001) but not run (<i>p</i><sub>bonf</sub> = 1.00). World Cup athletes (3.15 ± 0.23&#xa0;m) displayed longer strides (HK-Elites: 2.64 ± 0.35&#xa0;m; Amateurs: 2.18 ± 0.30&#xa0;m; <i>p</i><sub>bonf</sub> &lt; 0.001), shorter contact times (209.3 ± 13.7&#xa0;ms; HK-Elites: 237.8 ± 23.0&#xa0;ms; Amateurs: 262.9 ± 31.0&#xa0;ms, <i>p</i><sub>bonf</sub> &lt; 0.001) and higher stride frequency (182.9 ± 6.3&#xa0;strides.min<sup>−1</sup>) than HK-Elites (173.9 ± 6.8&#xa0;strides.min<sup>−1</sup>) and Amateurs (173.2 ± 8.7&#xa0;strides.min<sup>−1</sup>, <i>p</i><sub>bonf</sub> &lt; 0.001), which were comparable. There were no biomechanical changes over time and no interactions.</p> Conclusion <p>Different athlete categories displayed comparable peak T<sub>CORE</sub> responses. Amateur triathletes tolerated T<sub>CORE</sub> &gt; 40.0&#xa0;°C without heat illness symptoms. T<sub>CORE</sub> may rise &gt; 41&#xa0;°C during a sprint triathlon held under <i>Blue</i> flag conditions (~ 26&#xa0;°C WBGT), questioning the suitability of sprint-distance triathlons as a safer alternative to Olympic-distance triathlons under <i>Red/Black</i> flag conditions (&gt; 30.1&#xa0;°C WBGT).</p>

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Thermal and Biomechanical Responses of Amateur, Elite and World Cup Athletes During a World Cup Sprint Triathlon in the Heat

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月27日

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  • Carl James,
  • Borja Muniz-Pardos,
  • Mohammed Ihsan,
  • Ka-Kay Lo,
  • Wing-Kai Lam,
  • Dani Peña Iglesias,
  • Konstantinos Angeloudis,
  • Yi Teng,
  • Jiao Jiao,
  • Ke Hu,
  • KaKi Wong,
  • Fergus Guppy,
  • Sébastien Racinais,
  • Samuel Chalmers,
  • Sergio Migliorini,
  • Kenneth Wu,
  • Yannis Pitsiladis

摘要

Objectives

Core temperature (TCORE), skin temperature (TTORSO) and running kinematics were measured across different athlete categories at a World Cup Sprint Triathlon, occurring during a heatwave (~ 25–31 °C Wet Bulb Globe Temperature [WBGT]).

Methods

Sixty-six triathletes participated: 21 World Cup (7 females), 32 Hong Kong-Elite (HK-Elite; 8 females) and 13 Amateur (6 females).

Results

Seventeen triathletes displayed a TCORE > 40.0 °C and two > 41.0 °C. Peak TCORE was not different between athlete categories (World Cup: 39.7 ± 0.6 °C; HK-Elite: 39.9 ± 0.8 °C; Amateur: 39.5 ± 0.8 °C; p = 0.357). However, there was an interaction between race phase and category (p = 0.001). Changes in TCORE for World Cup (2.4 ± 0.4 °C) and HK-Elite (2.5 ± 1.0 °C) were greater than for Amateurs (1.5 ± 0.7 °C). Peak TTORSO was higher in HK-Elites during afternoon races compared with morning World Cup races (p < 0.001). TTORSO reduced during the swim (pbonf < 0.001), then increased during the bike (pbonf < 0.001) but not run (pbonf = 1.00). World Cup athletes (3.15 ± 0.23 m) displayed longer strides (HK-Elites: 2.64 ± 0.35 m; Amateurs: 2.18 ± 0.30 m; pbonf < 0.001), shorter contact times (209.3 ± 13.7 ms; HK-Elites: 237.8 ± 23.0 ms; Amateurs: 262.9 ± 31.0 ms, pbonf < 0.001) and higher stride frequency (182.9 ± 6.3 strides.min−1) than HK-Elites (173.9 ± 6.8 strides.min−1) and Amateurs (173.2 ± 8.7 strides.min−1, pbonf < 0.001), which were comparable. There were no biomechanical changes over time and no interactions.

Conclusion

Different athlete categories displayed comparable peak TCORE responses. Amateur triathletes tolerated TCORE > 40.0 °C without heat illness symptoms. TCORE may rise > 41 °C during a sprint triathlon held under Blue flag conditions (~ 26 °C WBGT), questioning the suitability of sprint-distance triathlons as a safer alternative to Olympic-distance triathlons under Red/Black flag conditions (> 30.1 °C WBGT).