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<p>Developing high-performance non-precious metal catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is crucial to advancing the commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. In recent years, the research focus has shifted from identifying geometrically active sites (<i>e.g.</i>, Fe-N<sub>4</sub>) to elucidating a key electronic-structure descriptor: the spin state. However, the complexity and heterogeneous nature of catalyst materials pose significant challenges to the precise identification of spin species. This review systematically summarizes the latest advances in this field. Drawing on representative literature examples, it highlights how advanced spectroscopic techniques, including Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance, enable the precise characterization of Fe spin states. These methodological advances progressively uncover the fundamental structure-activity relationship between spin states and ORR activity, thereby providing crucial scientific foundations and forward-looking directions for the rational design of next-generation high-performance catalysts.</p>

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Recent Advances in Techniques for Identifying Spin-state Species in Fe-based Metal Catalysts

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月14日

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  • Tianyu Gong,
  • Gaoyuan Liu,
  • Jiawei Duan,
  • Jia-Nan Zhang

摘要

Developing high-performance non-precious metal catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is crucial to advancing the commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. In recent years, the research focus has shifted from identifying geometrically active sites (e.g., Fe-N4) to elucidating a key electronic-structure descriptor: the spin state. However, the complexity and heterogeneous nature of catalyst materials pose significant challenges to the precise identification of spin species. This review systematically summarizes the latest advances in this field. Drawing on representative literature examples, it highlights how advanced spectroscopic techniques, including Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance, enable the precise characterization of Fe spin states. These methodological advances progressively uncover the fundamental structure-activity relationship between spin states and ORR activity, thereby providing crucial scientific foundations and forward-looking directions for the rational design of next-generation high-performance catalysts.