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<p>Antibiotics have gained significant attention as emerging marine pollutants, with their trace-level detection in high-salinity environments being a key analytical challenge. This study developed a two-stage desalination technique that integrates ultrasound-assisted liquid-liquid extraction (US-LLE) with self-desalting droplet spray ionization (SD-DSI) for rapid mass spectrometric analysis of antibiotics. Key influencing factors, including extraction and redissolution solvent types and volumes, extraction time, and dispensing volume, were systematically optimized. Under optimal conditions, the US-LLE-SD-DSI method successfully determined multiple classes of antibiotics in simulated seawater. Clarithromycin and azithromycin exhibited linear ranges of 50–1000 ng/mL, with detection limits of 5.9 and 14.9 ng/mL, respectively, and relative standard deviations below 18.5%. Moreover, the signal intensity for high-salinity samples (3.5%, mass fraction) was enhanced by two orders of magnitude compared to untreated samples (0.35%, mass fraction). Applicability studies demonstrated that the method is effective not only for high-salinity samples but also for salt-free/low-salinity and hard water samples. The established approach provides a streamlined analytical solution for the rapid and sensitive determination of antibiotics in high-salinity seawater.</p>

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A Two-stage Technique Coupling Liquid-liquid Extraction with Self-desalting for Rapid Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Antibiotics in High-salinity Water

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月21日

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  • Jie Jiang,
  • Yu Ma,
  • Meng Xu,
  • Meng Zhang,
  • Yanxiao Jiang

摘要

Antibiotics have gained significant attention as emerging marine pollutants, with their trace-level detection in high-salinity environments being a key analytical challenge. This study developed a two-stage desalination technique that integrates ultrasound-assisted liquid-liquid extraction (US-LLE) with self-desalting droplet spray ionization (SD-DSI) for rapid mass spectrometric analysis of antibiotics. Key influencing factors, including extraction and redissolution solvent types and volumes, extraction time, and dispensing volume, were systematically optimized. Under optimal conditions, the US-LLE-SD-DSI method successfully determined multiple classes of antibiotics in simulated seawater. Clarithromycin and azithromycin exhibited linear ranges of 50–1000 ng/mL, with detection limits of 5.9 and 14.9 ng/mL, respectively, and relative standard deviations below 18.5%. Moreover, the signal intensity for high-salinity samples (3.5%, mass fraction) was enhanced by two orders of magnitude compared to untreated samples (0.35%, mass fraction). Applicability studies demonstrated that the method is effective not only for high-salinity samples but also for salt-free/low-salinity and hard water samples. The established approach provides a streamlined analytical solution for the rapid and sensitive determination of antibiotics in high-salinity seawater.