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<p>This study describes the design and synthesis of a novel series of 1,2,4-triazole-based sulfonyl hydrazide derivatives derived from the naturally occurring compound p-thymol, developed as potential dual inhibitors of α-amylase and α-glucosidase for the management of diabetes mellitus. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed using <sup>1</sup>H NMR, <sup>13</sup>C NMR, FT-IR, and mass spectrometry techniques. Their biological activity was evaluated through enzyme inhibition assays using acarbose as the reference standard (IC₅₀ = 14.28 ± 0.108&#xa0;μM for α-amylase and 15.48 ± 0.012&#xa0;μM for α-glucosidase). The compounds exhibited moderate to significant inhibitory activity, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 15.12 ± 0.122&#xa0;μM to 27.10 ± 0.042&#xa0;μM against α-amylase and 17.11 ± 0.110&#xa0;μM to 26.71 ± 0.065&#xa0;μM against α-glucosidase. Structure–activity relationship analysis indicated that the electrophilic nature, substitution position, and ring characteristics significantly influence enzyme inhibition. Among the synthesized derivatives, 9b, 9c, 9f, and 9l showed strong α-amylase inhibition, while 9a, 9e, 9f, and 9j demonstrated notable α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Molecular docking studies further revealed favorable binding interactions of compounds 9a–9l with the active sites of human pancreatic α-amylase (HPA) and human maltase-glucoamylase (MGAM). Additionally, ADME analysis suggested acceptable drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties for the most active derivatives.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of p-thymol-derived 1,2,4-triazole sulfonyl hydrazides as potent α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhiabitors: molecular docking and ADME insights

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月30日

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  • Ganesh R. Borse,
  • Rahul T. Bhoi,
  • Dattatraya S. Kale,
  • Sanjay B. Sonawale

摘要

This study describes the design and synthesis of a novel series of 1,2,4-triazole-based sulfonyl hydrazide derivatives derived from the naturally occurring compound p-thymol, developed as potential dual inhibitors of α-amylase and α-glucosidase for the management of diabetes mellitus. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, and mass spectrometry techniques. Their biological activity was evaluated through enzyme inhibition assays using acarbose as the reference standard (IC₅₀ = 14.28 ± 0.108 μM for α-amylase and 15.48 ± 0.012 μM for α-glucosidase). The compounds exhibited moderate to significant inhibitory activity, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 15.12 ± 0.122 μM to 27.10 ± 0.042 μM against α-amylase and 17.11 ± 0.110 μM to 26.71 ± 0.065 μM against α-glucosidase. Structure–activity relationship analysis indicated that the electrophilic nature, substitution position, and ring characteristics significantly influence enzyme inhibition. Among the synthesized derivatives, 9b, 9c, 9f, and 9l showed strong α-amylase inhibition, while 9a, 9e, 9f, and 9j demonstrated notable α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Molecular docking studies further revealed favorable binding interactions of compounds 9a–9l with the active sites of human pancreatic α-amylase (HPA) and human maltase-glucoamylase (MGAM). Additionally, ADME analysis suggested acceptable drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties for the most active derivatives.

Graphical Abstract