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<p>The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has infected millions worldwide, exacerbating global health concerns. However, a dire need for alternative therapies like active ingredients from natural sources. Therefore, QKC, which are active compounds, are being investigated from Maxing Shigan Decoction (MXSGD), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula widely used for respiratory illnesses and have shown therapeutic potential in treating SARS-CoV-2. This study investigates MXSGD’s active compounds, therapeutic proteins, and pharmacological mechanisms. Integrated multiple networking and GO/KEGG pathway enrichment analysis approaches were employed. While individual ingredient effects were studied, the combined efficacy and molecular mechanisms require further exploration. By combination, quercetin-kaempferol (QKC) is hypothesized to be more effective. A systematic pharmacological approach was used to identify compound targets, predict potential targets, and conduct networking analyses. Five networks were constructed and analyzed: (a) compound-known targets, (b) compound-potential targets, (c) QKC-HP PPI, (d) QKC-MH PPI, and (e) QKC-SARS-CoV-2-PPI networks. GO and pathway enrichment analyses revealed that the ingredients target various biological processes and pathways, with QKC combining the properties of quercetin and kaempferol. This study provides valuable insights in comparing quercetin, kaempferol, and QKC and those exploring QKC’s synergies and molecular mechanisms for treating SARS-CoV-2.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Mechanistic insights into the synergistic pharmacology of quercetin–kaempferol against SARS-CoV-2 infection

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月8日

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  • Farman Ali,
  • Muhammad Zubair Saleem,
  • Muhammad Mohsin,
  • Saleem Ahmad,
  • Waqar Islam,
  • Wasim Qasim,
  • Muhammad Tayyab

摘要

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has infected millions worldwide, exacerbating global health concerns. However, a dire need for alternative therapies like active ingredients from natural sources. Therefore, QKC, which are active compounds, are being investigated from Maxing Shigan Decoction (MXSGD), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula widely used for respiratory illnesses and have shown therapeutic potential in treating SARS-CoV-2. This study investigates MXSGD’s active compounds, therapeutic proteins, and pharmacological mechanisms. Integrated multiple networking and GO/KEGG pathway enrichment analysis approaches were employed. While individual ingredient effects were studied, the combined efficacy and molecular mechanisms require further exploration. By combination, quercetin-kaempferol (QKC) is hypothesized to be more effective. A systematic pharmacological approach was used to identify compound targets, predict potential targets, and conduct networking analyses. Five networks were constructed and analyzed: (a) compound-known targets, (b) compound-potential targets, (c) QKC-HP PPI, (d) QKC-MH PPI, and (e) QKC-SARS-CoV-2-PPI networks. GO and pathway enrichment analyses revealed that the ingredients target various biological processes and pathways, with QKC combining the properties of quercetin and kaempferol. This study provides valuable insights in comparing quercetin, kaempferol, and QKC and those exploring QKC’s synergies and molecular mechanisms for treating SARS-CoV-2.

Graphical abstract