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<p>Synthetic dyes, such as methyl violet (MV), are hazardous pollutants that pose risks to both aquatic ecosystems and public health. Thus, developing effective adsorbents for their removal is of environmental importance. In this study, a composite hydrogel of k-carrageenan-cl-Poly(Crotonic acid-co-N-isopropyl acrylamide)/dichloride-bis(6-aminopencillanic acid)titanium(III)Chloride), HML composite was created using a free radical copolymerization method with potassium persulfate (KPS) as the initiator and N, N-methylene bis-acrylamide (MBA) as a cross-linking agent. This hydrogel was designed to remove MV dye from aqueous solutions. The research focused on optimizing the synthesis conditions to prepare a hydrogel with the highest swelling ratio (SR%). The results indicated that using 0.08&#xa0;g of ML complex resulted in the HML composite achieving the most significant swelling ratio of 4200% in distilled water. It was observed that the dye adsorption capacity of the HML composite was significantly influenced by the level of the CA monomer in the hydrogel, which improved its ability to swell. The HML composites were characterized using XRD, FTIR, FESEM/EDX, TEM, TGA, and BET. The Box-Behnken Design (BBD) based on response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the adsorption performance of the HML composite, considering factors such as A: pH (3–10), B: adsorbent dosage (0.03–0.12&#xa0;g) and C: concentration (100–800&#xa0;mg/L). The swelling ratio (SR%) and gel content (Gc%) of the HML composites were compared with those of the hydrogel without the complex in water. It was observed that as the complex increased, the Gc% also increased, while the SR% decreased. Additionally, the Point of Zero Charge (PZC) was determined to be 5.8. The thermal stability of the samples was investigated, revealing that the HML composites exhibit better thermal stability than the hydrogel alone. Furthermore, we studied the ability of the samples to adsorb the cationic MV dye from aqueous solutions. The study was conducted at dye concentrations of 100–800&#xa0;mg/L for a duration of 5–120&#xa0;min and at a pH range of 3–10. The optimal conditions for dye absorption were found to be at pH 7, a concentration of 600&#xa0;mg/L, and a duration of 60&#xa0;min. Additionally, the maximum adsorption efficiency was 730.88&#xa0;mg/g, and the HML composites exhibited 94.33% dye removal at a concentration of 600&#xa0;mg/L. The Freundlich isotherm and the first-order kinetic models well described the adsorption results. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that this adsorption system was endothermic in nature. The hydrogel was effectively regenerated using HCl for six cycles. Therefore, this study confirms the effectiveness of using HML composite as a promising adsorbent for removing toxic dyes.</p>

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Synthesis and adsorptive performance of a novel in situ-formed κ-carrageenan-based porous hydrogel composite for methyl violet dye removal: mechanistic, isotherm, and kinetic studies using RSM-BBD

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月18日

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  • Aseel M. Aljeboree,
  • Zainab Adnan Kadhum,
  • Mohammed Hamid Said,
  • Ayad F. Alkaim

摘要

Synthetic dyes, such as methyl violet (MV), are hazardous pollutants that pose risks to both aquatic ecosystems and public health. Thus, developing effective adsorbents for their removal is of environmental importance. In this study, a composite hydrogel of k-carrageenan-cl-Poly(Crotonic acid-co-N-isopropyl acrylamide)/dichloride-bis(6-aminopencillanic acid)titanium(III)Chloride), HML composite was created using a free radical copolymerization method with potassium persulfate (KPS) as the initiator and N, N-methylene bis-acrylamide (MBA) as a cross-linking agent. This hydrogel was designed to remove MV dye from aqueous solutions. The research focused on optimizing the synthesis conditions to prepare a hydrogel with the highest swelling ratio (SR%). The results indicated that using 0.08 g of ML complex resulted in the HML composite achieving the most significant swelling ratio of 4200% in distilled water. It was observed that the dye adsorption capacity of the HML composite was significantly influenced by the level of the CA monomer in the hydrogel, which improved its ability to swell. The HML composites were characterized using XRD, FTIR, FESEM/EDX, TEM, TGA, and BET. The Box-Behnken Design (BBD) based on response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the adsorption performance of the HML composite, considering factors such as A: pH (3–10), B: adsorbent dosage (0.03–0.12 g) and C: concentration (100–800 mg/L). The swelling ratio (SR%) and gel content (Gc%) of the HML composites were compared with those of the hydrogel without the complex in water. It was observed that as the complex increased, the Gc% also increased, while the SR% decreased. Additionally, the Point of Zero Charge (PZC) was determined to be 5.8. The thermal stability of the samples was investigated, revealing that the HML composites exhibit better thermal stability than the hydrogel alone. Furthermore, we studied the ability of the samples to adsorb the cationic MV dye from aqueous solutions. The study was conducted at dye concentrations of 100–800 mg/L for a duration of 5–120 min and at a pH range of 3–10. The optimal conditions for dye absorption were found to be at pH 7, a concentration of 600 mg/L, and a duration of 60 min. Additionally, the maximum adsorption efficiency was 730.88 mg/g, and the HML composites exhibited 94.33% dye removal at a concentration of 600 mg/L. The Freundlich isotherm and the first-order kinetic models well described the adsorption results. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that this adsorption system was endothermic in nature. The hydrogel was effectively regenerated using HCl for six cycles. Therefore, this study confirms the effectiveness of using HML composite as a promising adsorbent for removing toxic dyes.