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Background <p>Elevated blood pressure is a major public health problem and key risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Age and obesity strongly influence blood pressure, yet data from Iraqi emergency departments are limited. This study assessed systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels and evaluated the independent associations of age, body mass index (BMI), random blood sugar, pulse rate, and oxygen saturation with blood pressure, with a primary focus on age and BMI.</p> Methods <p>From September to November 2025, 440 adult patients (192 males, 248 females; ages 18–88) who visited the Zakho Emergency Department were included in this retrospective cross-sectional study using convenience sampling approach. BMI was categorized as normal weight (18.5–24.9), overweight (25–29.9), and obese (≥ 30). Clinical and demographic factors were examined. To identify independent determinants of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), correlation and separate multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted.</p> Results <p>BMI and age were strongly associated with both SBP and DBP (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Multivariable regression confirmed BMI (β = 1.36–1.85) and age (β = − 0.27 to 0.37) as independent predictors of blood pressure, while random blood sugar (RBS), pulse rate (PR), and oxygen saturation (SpO₂) were not significant. Higher BMI was linked to elevated SBP and DBP, whereas SpO₂ remained stable across BMI categories. No significant sex differences were observed.</p> Conclusion <p>BMI and age independently predict blood pressure in emergency patients, while random glucose, pulse rate, and SpO₂ show limited value. These findings highlight the need for obesity-focused prevention and blood pressure screening.</p>

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Clinical determinants of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adults attending the Zakho emergency department, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月20日

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  • Vinwar Ali Aref,
  • Samyan Natheer Ahmed,
  • Lina N. Adam

摘要

Background

Elevated blood pressure is a major public health problem and key risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Age and obesity strongly influence blood pressure, yet data from Iraqi emergency departments are limited. This study assessed systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels and evaluated the independent associations of age, body mass index (BMI), random blood sugar, pulse rate, and oxygen saturation with blood pressure, with a primary focus on age and BMI.

Methods

From September to November 2025, 440 adult patients (192 males, 248 females; ages 18–88) who visited the Zakho Emergency Department were included in this retrospective cross-sectional study using convenience sampling approach. BMI was categorized as normal weight (18.5–24.9), overweight (25–29.9), and obese (≥ 30). Clinical and demographic factors were examined. To identify independent determinants of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), correlation and separate multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted.

Results

BMI and age were strongly associated with both SBP and DBP (p < 0.001). Multivariable regression confirmed BMI (β = 1.36–1.85) and age (β = − 0.27 to 0.37) as independent predictors of blood pressure, while random blood sugar (RBS), pulse rate (PR), and oxygen saturation (SpO₂) were not significant. Higher BMI was linked to elevated SBP and DBP, whereas SpO₂ remained stable across BMI categories. No significant sex differences were observed.

Conclusion

BMI and age independently predict blood pressure in emergency patients, while random glucose, pulse rate, and SpO₂ show limited value. These findings highlight the need for obesity-focused prevention and blood pressure screening.