Purpose <p>Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) using cardiopulmonary bypass (on-pump CABG) is frequently linked to postoperative complications via inducing inflammatory responses. Researchers investigated the response patterns of some adipokines in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients who underwent CABG. This study aimed to compare the changes in asprosin and vaspin levels in CAD patients before and after CABG surgery and evaluate the correlation of asprosin and vaspin changes with biochemical factors.</p> Methods <p>This study was conducted on 38 CAD patients undergoing on-pump CABG surgery. The levels of asprosin and vaspin in the serum samples of patients one day before CABG surgery and 45 days after surgery were measured by ELISA kits. Biochemical parameters including fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, urea, and creatinine were determined by the autoanalyzer. Cardiac troponin I levels were measured by enzyme-linked fluorescent assay by the VIDAS device. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.</p> Results <p>Asprosin and vaspin levels decreased significantly after surgery compared to before surgery (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.001 and <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001, respectively). Vaspin changes had a statistically significant moderate correlation with total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels of the patients before surgery (<i>r</i> = 0.385, <i>P</i> = 0.017, and <i>r</i> = 0.391, <i>P</i> = 0.015, respectively). Also, asprosin changes had a statistically significant moderate correlation with cardiac troponin I of patients before surgery (<i>r</i> = 0.343, <i>P</i> = 0.035).</p> Conclusion <p>The results of this study illustrated that the levels of asprosin and vaspin reduced after surgery compared to before surgery in CAD patients undergoing CABG surgery.</p>