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<p>In this commentary paper, we discuss the potential of population health surveillance of retinal health in Denmark using optometrist-based opportunist retinal examination with tele-ophthalmology pathway. Using 12&#xa0;months of data from 79 high-street optometrist stores, we imaged 355,818 unique individuals, which corresponds to 5.99% of the entire population of Denmark and equates to an average of 29,652 individuals each month, corresponding to 0.50% of the population. Coverage was highest among those aged 41–80 years, with coverage rates of between 8.17% and 8.68%. We also observed higher participation rates in female individuals (6.77%) than in male individuals (5.19%). Using Wilson score intervals with finite-population correction, we demonstrate that when such a large sample of the entire population is examined, prevalence estimates can be obtained with very narrow 95% confidence intervals. These results suggest that community imaging can provide stable, near real-time indicators of retinal disease at the population level. Selection bias is discussed to understand the limitations of data.</p>

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Tele-Ophthalmology for Retinal Health Surveillance in Denmark

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月13日

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  • Marie L. R. Rasmussen,
  • Danson V. Muttuvelu,
  • Lasse J. Cehofski,
  • Jakob Grauslund,
  • Josef Huemer,
  • Pearse A. Keane,
  • Tor P. Utheim,
  • Tunde Peto,
  • Goran Petrovski,
  • Charles C. Wykoff,
  • Yousif Subhi

摘要

In this commentary paper, we discuss the potential of population health surveillance of retinal health in Denmark using optometrist-based opportunist retinal examination with tele-ophthalmology pathway. Using 12 months of data from 79 high-street optometrist stores, we imaged 355,818 unique individuals, which corresponds to 5.99% of the entire population of Denmark and equates to an average of 29,652 individuals each month, corresponding to 0.50% of the population. Coverage was highest among those aged 41–80 years, with coverage rates of between 8.17% and 8.68%. We also observed higher participation rates in female individuals (6.77%) than in male individuals (5.19%). Using Wilson score intervals with finite-population correction, we demonstrate that when such a large sample of the entire population is examined, prevalence estimates can be obtained with very narrow 95% confidence intervals. These results suggest that community imaging can provide stable, near real-time indicators of retinal disease at the population level. Selection bias is discussed to understand the limitations of data.