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<p>Rock mass pressure determination is essential for tunnel support design to prevent structural failure. This study analyzes pressure and deformation characteristics in soft rock tunnels. It examines dynamic interactions using monitoring data from 248 sections across 59 tunnels. Horizontal rock mass pressures concentrate in the medium-to-low range. Vertical pressures exhibit significant dispersion and reside mostly in the low range. Distribution patterns show no significant differences between horizontal and vertical directions during stable periods. Deformations in both directions also concentrate in the medium-to-low range. Approximately 80% of pressure data is below 400&#xa0;kPa. Similarly, 80% of deformation data is below 400&#xa0;mm. Normalized temporal characteristics reveal a four-stage evolution pattern. This pattern applies to both shallow and deep tunnels. The four stages consist of initial change, rapid change, deceleration, and stabilization. Vertical pressure develops faster than horizontal pressure. Initial support at the vault experiences rapid loading. Support at the sidewalls bears loads more slowly. Normalized vertical pressures follow a three-stage development pattern. Evolutionary trends differ between burial depths. Time-coordinated normalization analysis demonstrates distinct dynamic evolution and phase characteristics. These findings provide valuable insights for soft rock tunnel support design.</p>

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Statistical Characterization of Rock Mass Pressure, Deformation, and Their Interaction: Insights from 59 Soft Rock Tunnels in China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月9日

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  • Xiuling Wang,
  • Yongli Xie,
  • Jinxing Lai,
  • Junling Qiu

摘要

Rock mass pressure determination is essential for tunnel support design to prevent structural failure. This study analyzes pressure and deformation characteristics in soft rock tunnels. It examines dynamic interactions using monitoring data from 248 sections across 59 tunnels. Horizontal rock mass pressures concentrate in the medium-to-low range. Vertical pressures exhibit significant dispersion and reside mostly in the low range. Distribution patterns show no significant differences between horizontal and vertical directions during stable periods. Deformations in both directions also concentrate in the medium-to-low range. Approximately 80% of pressure data is below 400 kPa. Similarly, 80% of deformation data is below 400 mm. Normalized temporal characteristics reveal a four-stage evolution pattern. This pattern applies to both shallow and deep tunnels. The four stages consist of initial change, rapid change, deceleration, and stabilization. Vertical pressure develops faster than horizontal pressure. Initial support at the vault experiences rapid loading. Support at the sidewalls bears loads more slowly. Normalized vertical pressures follow a three-stage development pattern. Evolutionary trends differ between burial depths. Time-coordinated normalization analysis demonstrates distinct dynamic evolution and phase characteristics. These findings provide valuable insights for soft rock tunnel support design.