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<p>Squeezing behavior in weak and tectonically disturbed rocks affects the construction of tunnel by excessive plastic deformation and tunnel convergence. Rocks classified as incompetent or incapable of withstanding the induced stresses generated upon redistribution of in-situ stresses after tunnel excavation undergo squeezing. This study investigates squeezing conditions in two railway tunnels, tunnel-2 (T-2) and tunnel-3 (T-3) of Rishikesh-Karnaprayag broad gauge railway line. Rock mass classification systems including Rock Mass Quality (Q-value), Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and ONORM-B 2203 are used to characterize squeezing and non-squeezing ground by employing traditional empirical equations. Furthermore, a novel study has been performed for classification of squeezing ground in slightly, moderately and highly squeezing by using different classifiers for different rock classes. Deformations of representative chainages of T-2 and T-3 exhibiting squeezing ground condition and their support stability are validated with the field monitoring data. Field monitoring data i.e., convergence measurement is also used to assess the performance of installed tunnel support systems for different rock classes in squeezing ground conditions. The maximum recorded convergence values for rock classes B3, C2 and C3 are 41&#xa0;mm, 22&#xa0;mm and 26&#xa0;mm respectively, all within permissible limits, confirming the adequacy of the adopted support systems. The developed empirical classifiers and tunnel support system stability assessment offer a practical framework for evaluating and mitigating squeezing conditions in future Himalayan tunneling projects. The methodology developed in this paper has potential applications for tunnel cases in the Garhwal Himalaya for squeezing ground classification and stability assessment of tunnel support systems.</p>

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Geotechnical Assessment of Tunnel Squeezing and Support Stability: A Case Study from Rishikesh-Karnaprayag Railway Tunnel, Northern India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月25日

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  • Arun Gangwar,
  • Mahendra Singh,
  • R. D. Dwivedi,
  • Jitendra Kumar

摘要

Squeezing behavior in weak and tectonically disturbed rocks affects the construction of tunnel by excessive plastic deformation and tunnel convergence. Rocks classified as incompetent or incapable of withstanding the induced stresses generated upon redistribution of in-situ stresses after tunnel excavation undergo squeezing. This study investigates squeezing conditions in two railway tunnels, tunnel-2 (T-2) and tunnel-3 (T-3) of Rishikesh-Karnaprayag broad gauge railway line. Rock mass classification systems including Rock Mass Quality (Q-value), Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and ONORM-B 2203 are used to characterize squeezing and non-squeezing ground by employing traditional empirical equations. Furthermore, a novel study has been performed for classification of squeezing ground in slightly, moderately and highly squeezing by using different classifiers for different rock classes. Deformations of representative chainages of T-2 and T-3 exhibiting squeezing ground condition and their support stability are validated with the field monitoring data. Field monitoring data i.e., convergence measurement is also used to assess the performance of installed tunnel support systems for different rock classes in squeezing ground conditions. The maximum recorded convergence values for rock classes B3, C2 and C3 are 41 mm, 22 mm and 26 mm respectively, all within permissible limits, confirming the adequacy of the adopted support systems. The developed empirical classifiers and tunnel support system stability assessment offer a practical framework for evaluating and mitigating squeezing conditions in future Himalayan tunneling projects. The methodology developed in this paper has potential applications for tunnel cases in the Garhwal Himalaya for squeezing ground classification and stability assessment of tunnel support systems.