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<p>This study aims to investigate the undrained bearing capacity of strip footings resting on two-layered clay deposits exhibiting strength anisotropy and vertical nonhomogeneity under combined vertical, horizontal, and moment (<i>V–H–M</i>) loading. Using Finite Element Limit Analysis (FELA) with the Anisotropic Undrained Shear (AUS) criterion, the research systematically examines the effects of key parameters, including the anisotropic strength ratio (<i>r</i><sub><i>e</i></sub>), the normalized strength gradient (<i>κ</i>), the shear strength ratio between the upper and lower layers (<i>s</i><sub><i>uC</i>0<i>-t</i></sub><i>/s</i><sub><i>uC</i>0<i>-b</i></sub>), and the normalized thickness of the top layer (<i>h</i><sub><i>t</i></sub><i>/B</i>), on the undrained bearing capacity and failure mechanisms. The obtained results indicate that strength anisotropy, vertical nonhomogeneity, and clay stratification significantly influence both the ultimate bearing capacity and the associated failure patterns. Normalized <i>V–H–M</i> failure envelopes are established and interpreted as design-oriented limit surfaces for checking admissible load triplets (<i>V</i>, <i>H</i>, <i>M</i>), providing a comprehensive framework for understanding soil–foundation interaction in layered clay deposits. For design convenience, the normalized load components can be directly interpreted as bearing capacity factors. In addition, practical predictive equations are proposed for the vertical loading case to enhance the reliability and efficiency of foundation design in complex soil profiles, offering valuable insights for both researchers and practicing geotechnical engineers.</p>

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Failure Envelopes of Strip Footings on Anisotropic and Nonhomogeneous Two-Layer Clay Under Combined Loading

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月4日

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  • Azzeddine Lahmadi,
  • Alaoua Bouaicha,
  • Abdelhak Mabrouki,
  • Fouzi Mancer

摘要

This study aims to investigate the undrained bearing capacity of strip footings resting on two-layered clay deposits exhibiting strength anisotropy and vertical nonhomogeneity under combined vertical, horizontal, and moment (V–H–M) loading. Using Finite Element Limit Analysis (FELA) with the Anisotropic Undrained Shear (AUS) criterion, the research systematically examines the effects of key parameters, including the anisotropic strength ratio (re), the normalized strength gradient (κ), the shear strength ratio between the upper and lower layers (suC0-t/suC0-b), and the normalized thickness of the top layer (ht/B), on the undrained bearing capacity and failure mechanisms. The obtained results indicate that strength anisotropy, vertical nonhomogeneity, and clay stratification significantly influence both the ultimate bearing capacity and the associated failure patterns. Normalized V–H–M failure envelopes are established and interpreted as design-oriented limit surfaces for checking admissible load triplets (V, H, M), providing a comprehensive framework for understanding soil–foundation interaction in layered clay deposits. For design convenience, the normalized load components can be directly interpreted as bearing capacity factors. In addition, practical predictive equations are proposed for the vertical loading case to enhance the reliability and efficiency of foundation design in complex soil profiles, offering valuable insights for both researchers and practicing geotechnical engineers.