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<p>Brick demolition waste (BDW), a major by-product of construction and demolition activities, contributes substantially to landfill burden yet remains underutilized in geotechnical applications. Although BDW has been investigated in structural concrete and pavement bases, its role in alkali-activated systems for expansive soil stabilization under ambient curing conditions has received limited attention. This study develops a geopolymer binder using BDW and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) to stabilize expansive Black Cotton Soil (BCS). The BDW–GGBS blends were activated with sodium silicate (SS) and sodium hydroxide (SH) solutions. The influence of binder content (10%, 20%, and 30%), BDW: GGBS ratios (90:10, 80:20, 70:30), activator-to-binder (A/B) ratios (0.25, 0.5, 0.75), and SS/SH ratios (1.0, 1.5, 2.0) on strength and durability was assessed. Compacted specimens were tested for unconfined compressive strength (UCS) at 7, 28, and 150 days, along with swell index and durability under 12 wet–dry cycles. The UCS values ranged from 0.42&#xa0;MPa to 5.11&#xa0;MPa, meeting the IRC:37-2018 criteria for subgrade and sub-base layers. At lower binder contents, UCS increased with higher A/B ratios but decreased when the SS/SH exceeded 1.5, likely due to insufficient hydroxide for BDW dissolution and partial charge balancing by expansive BCS. At higher binder contents (30%), strength improved with increasing SS/SH ratios; however, A/B values above 0.5 led to a reduction in strength due to liquid-phase dilution. These findings highlight critical mix design interactions impacting strength and durability and demonstrate that dual-waste alkali-activated binders offer a sustainable pathway for expansive soil stabilization under field-relevant curing conditions.</p>

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Alkali-activated Brick Demolition Waste-GGBS Binder for Expansive Soil Stabilization: Strength and Durability Assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月16日

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  • Manjula Kuruva,
  • Heeralal Mudavath,
  • Hari Krishna Padavala

摘要

Brick demolition waste (BDW), a major by-product of construction and demolition activities, contributes substantially to landfill burden yet remains underutilized in geotechnical applications. Although BDW has been investigated in structural concrete and pavement bases, its role in alkali-activated systems for expansive soil stabilization under ambient curing conditions has received limited attention. This study develops a geopolymer binder using BDW and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) to stabilize expansive Black Cotton Soil (BCS). The BDW–GGBS blends were activated with sodium silicate (SS) and sodium hydroxide (SH) solutions. The influence of binder content (10%, 20%, and 30%), BDW: GGBS ratios (90:10, 80:20, 70:30), activator-to-binder (A/B) ratios (0.25, 0.5, 0.75), and SS/SH ratios (1.0, 1.5, 2.0) on strength and durability was assessed. Compacted specimens were tested for unconfined compressive strength (UCS) at 7, 28, and 150 days, along with swell index and durability under 12 wet–dry cycles. The UCS values ranged from 0.42 MPa to 5.11 MPa, meeting the IRC:37-2018 criteria for subgrade and sub-base layers. At lower binder contents, UCS increased with higher A/B ratios but decreased when the SS/SH exceeded 1.5, likely due to insufficient hydroxide for BDW dissolution and partial charge balancing by expansive BCS. At higher binder contents (30%), strength improved with increasing SS/SH ratios; however, A/B values above 0.5 led to a reduction in strength due to liquid-phase dilution. These findings highlight critical mix design interactions impacting strength and durability and demonstrate that dual-waste alkali-activated binders offer a sustainable pathway for expansive soil stabilization under field-relevant curing conditions.